German Reviews.

THEOLOGISCHE Studien und KritIKEN. (Theological Essays and Reviews.) Edited by Dr. RIEHM and Dr. KÖSTLIN. 1876. Second Number.-Essays: 1. GRIMM, The Nationality of the Galatians of Asia Minor. 2. OHL, The Three Usual Questions at our Rite of Infant Baptism. 3. NÖSGEN, The Plan of the Author of the Third Gospel. Thoughts and Remarks: 1. MONCKEBERG, The Credibility of Luther's Sayings at Worms. 2. MULLER, Melanchthon's Autograph of the Loci Communes in the German Language. Reviews: 1. RITSCHL, The Christiau Doctrine of Justification and Atonement, reviewed by SCHMIDT. 2. ROCHOLL The Real Presence, etc., reviewed by HERRMANN. 3. RIEHM, The Messianic Prophecies, reviewed by the author himself.

The nationality of the Galatians of Asia Minor has long been a literary controversy between French and Germans. In this question the latter have, however, been far from being as unanimous as in the great war of 1870, and the attempt to annex the "old Galatians," to whom St. Paul addressed one of his epistles, to the German nationality, appears to be a complete failure. Here we have one of the prominent German theologians, Professor Grimm of Jena, who not only admits the Keltic origin of the Galatians, but adduces a wonderful array of facts to refute the arguments of his opponents. His proofs, indeed, appear to be unanswerable; and if the chances of reconquering Alsace and Lorraine should become, as it seems,. more and more unfavorable, the French may find some consolation in the fact that their German opponents declare themselves beaten in the fight about the Galatians. Professor Grimm gives us some amusing details in the history of this controversy, and on the interest which German and French patriotism have taken in it. It is a notable fact that while at present no prominent German representative of classic philology or archæology, no "Keltist" or "Germanist," ever thinks of regarding these Galatians as Germans, a large number of distinguished German theologians persist in claiming them as compatriots. Among those who are foremost among the advocates of this theory are Hug, Olshausen, Baumgarten-Crusius, Rückert, Wieseler, and Hilgenfeld. Wieseler rejoices that "the Galatians are really the first German people to whom the Gospel was announced." Baumgarten-Crusius thinks that "from a national point of view these apostolical congregations are nearest to us Germans." Olshausen regards it as a very significant fact that it was "the German Luther who recognized in this epistle addressed to Germans the essence of the Gospel,

and brought it to light." Meyer, though he regards only the third part of the Galatians as Germans, begins the Church history of Germany with the conversion of the Galatians. Another German theologian, Sieffert, regrets that impartial science cannot recognize those Galatians as Germans, since it would have been "so flattering for us to know the Apostle Paul to be the founder of our German Church, and to have among the writings of the New Testament an epistle to our German ancestors." "9 He consoles himself with the consideration that Kelts and Germans were neighbors, and in prehistor ic times constituted in Asia one people. 'Strange religionational illusion," says Professor Grimm, "because, even if those Galatians, who subsequently were absorbed by foreign nationalities and disappeared, had been Germans, no drop of their blood would flow in our veins. Strange appendix to a Church history of Germany which lacks every local as well as temporal continuity with the real Church history of our nation." On the French side, Charles Texier, in his essay, Les Gaulois en Asie, (Revue des Deux Mondes, 1841,) says, "We cannot recall without a feeling of national pride that the Gauls have left in this country imperishable reminiscences." Before entering upon the controversy itself, Professor Grimm takes occasion to state, that by the "Galatia" mentioned in the epistles of St. Paul (1 Cor. xvi, 1; Gal. i, 2) he understands the ancient territory of that name, which was also called Gallogræcia, and was bounded by Paphlagonia, Cappadocia, Lycaonia, Phrygia, and Bithynia, and not the Roman province of Galatia, which, besides Galatia proper, contained large portions of the neighboring provinces, especially of Lycaonia. This is the common opinion of the European theologians, and the only recent defenders of the opposite view are Rénan (in his work on Paul) and Hausrath, (Neutestamentliche Zeitgeschichte, vol. ii;) who contend that "the Churches of Galatia" to which the Pauline epistle was addressed must be looked for in the Lycaonian towns of Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Antioch, near Pissidia. After briefly refuting the arguments adduced in favor of this construction of the word Galatia, the author at length discusses the question whether the Galatians were Germans or Kelts. The principal points in his argumentation are as follows: 1. The Tectozagi, a tribe of Galatia, which has

been claimed as being of the German nationality, were really Kelts, not Germans. 2. All the passages in ancient writers that refer to the nationality of the Galatians represent them as Gauls or Kelts. Strabo, who was a native of Amasea, in Pontus, not far from the borders of Galatia, shows himself well acquainted with the difference between Kelts and Germans, and expressly classifies the Galatians among the former. 3. The proper names of Galatian chieftains and towns seem to be of Keltic rather than German origin. The ending orix, which is found in so many proper names occurring in Cæsar, is also common in Galatian proper names. 4. The testimony of St. Jerome, that the Galatians spoke about the same language as the people in the neighborhood of Treves, cannot be adduced in favor of the German nationality of the Galatians, as it is highly probable that at the time of Jerome the language in the vicinity of Treves was Keltic. 5. Great stress had been laid by Wieseler on the fact that in Galatia justice was dispensed by the princes, as among the Germans, and not by the priests, (Druids,) as among the Gauls, and that this point constituted one of the chief differences between Germans and Gauls. Against this argument it is argued that the hierarchical institute of the Druids is only found in Great Britain and Gaul proper, but cannot be traced in other Keltic countries, and that its organism was too complex to be suited for the unsteady migrations which were undertaken for adventurous and plundering purposes, not for finding permanent settlements.

French Reviews.

REVUE CHRETIENNE. (Christian Review.) November, 1875.-1. PRESSENSÉ, Apologetic Studies. Second Series. The Supernatural in God. (Third Article.) 2. CADENE, The Correspondence of Lamartine. 3. HOLLARD, Augustin Cochin. 4. Pressensé, A Novel Interpretation of the Decisions of the Synod of the Reformed Church.

December, 1875.-1. H. S. Stanley's Funeral Sermons in Honor of Charles Kingsley. 2. MOURON, The New Social Philosophy. 3. MASSEBIEAU, Mathurin Cordier. 4. LICHTENBERGER, Review of German Affairs.

January, 1876.-1. BERSIER, A Vision of St. Paul. 2. MOURON, The New Social Philosophy. (Second Article.) 3. SABATIER, Father Hyacinthe. (First Article.) 4. SOREL, The Musical Drama. 5. FRANK PUAUX, The Future of Catholic

Nations.

The Revue Chretienne has entered with the number of January, 1876, upon the twenty-third year of its publication. In

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: It is not neces

announcing the new volume the editors say: sary for the Revue Chretienne to publish a prospectus. Our principles are known. They are comprised in the old formula: the Gospel and Liberty. From this double stand-point it will review the movements of contemporaneous thought in the Church and in the world, always seeking not what is pleasing to cliques and to sects, but what is conformable to the great principles of Christian Liberalisin." The Review will continue to be edited by Pressensé and Sabatier, who will alternate in writing the "monthly review of events." M. Lichtenberger will furnish every other month an article on the affairs of Germany. Among the articles which will appear in the course of the year 1876 we notice the following: Pressensé, "Apologetic Studies," "Christian Family Worship in the Second and Third Centuries," "The Revival Preaching of Pearsall Smith;" Sabatier, "Father Hyacinthe," (two articles ;) Ernest Naville, "The Pedagogical Question;" Adrien E. Naville, "The Emperor Julian;" F. Bonifaz, "Ancient Protestant Preaching;" Bonnet, "Some Recollections of the Last Days of Augustin Thierry;" R. Reuss, "Savonarola."

The Revue Chretienne is generally regarded as the ablest exponent of French Protestantism; and as the foregoing list of articles indicates, it expects to discuss during the present year a number of interesting articles.

ART. X.-FOREIGN RELIGIOUS INTELLIGENCE.

THE OLD CATHOLICS.

THE "German Mercury," the principal organ of the Old Catholics of Germany, in a review of the movement during the year 1875, states that most of the congregations and societies have considerably increased during the year. Two new societies have been organized in Prussia, five in Baden, and two in Hesse. Nowhere has the progress been so great as in the Grand Duchy of Baden. The Government of this country regulated the legal relations of the Old Catholics in 1874, by fully recognizing them as members of the Catholic Church, and securing to them a proportionate part of the Catholic Church property. In accordance with the provisions of the new law, the Old Catholics of Baden have received, in twenty-one places, the simultaneous use of a Catholic

Church; in twelve places, one or two ecclesiastical benefices; and in three places the administration of the property of the Church. In Wurtemburg, the separation of the Old Catholics from the Roman Catholic Church has been delayed, in consequence of the conciliatory and compromising attitude of Bishop Hefele; but it is expected that this kingdom will soon furnish a considerable contingent to the number of Old Catholic congregations.

A great sensation has been caused among the Old Catholics by the publication of a new work by Professor Schulte, the lay-leader of the entire movement in favor of abolishing priestly celibacy. Motions for the introduction of this reform were made at the Old Catholic Synods of 1874 and 1875, but all the prominent members of the Synod, the laymen as well as the priests, deemed it expedient to take immediate action on the subject. Schulte promised to the advocates of the reform that he would thoroughly study the whole question from the stand-point of Church law, and as the fruit of these studies he has now published. a work entitled, Der Calibatszwang und dessen Aufhebung, (“Compulsory Celibacy and its Abolition.") Schulte is generally regarded as one of the most learned writers on all questions of Church law, and his new work is believed to be the best ever published on the subject. Bishop Reinkens and the professors of Old Catholic Theology at the University of Bonn are believed to be unfavorably disposed in regard to the immediate abolition of celibacy; but the feeling among the laity, and, it is believed, also among the clergy, is believed to be overwhelmingly in favor of it. Under these circumstances the action of the next Annual Synod is looked forward to with considerable interest.

In Austria the majority of the House of Deputies adopted the draft of a law which recognizes the Old Catholics, and fully regulates their legal relations; but the House of Lords refused to concur in this law. The Government, however, though it has done every thing that is within its power to prevent the spread of the reformatory movement, has declared that hereafter the Old Catholics of Austria, even if they do not want to separate explicitly from the Catholic Church, will no longer be prevented from organizing congregations, and that the validity of the marriages concluded by them will be recognized.

In Switzerland the Christian Catholic congregations were, in February, on the eve of an election of a bishop. As the Federal Constitution makes the establishment of new bishoprics dependent upon the consent of the Confederation, the Synodal Council of the Old Catholics has formally inquired of the Federal Council at Berne whether there is any objection on its part to the election of an Old Catholic bishop. As soon as the Federal Council has sanctioned the proposed step, the Synodal Council will meet at Olten to proceed to the election of a bishop.