2. To make a plow to turn deep furrows, requiring the least practicable width in proportion to the depth of fur

row.

3. To make a plow to turn deep narrow furrows, and to turn them on so easy a line of transit as to prevent breaks in the furrow-slice.

land-side and coulter, the slice is cut off the land upon a bevel, which very much facilitates its dropping in snugly beside the previously turned slice. It will be observed that the width of cut made by the share is such as to leave a good hinge uncut, upon which the furrow holds its proper position at the bottom, while the top is describing a quarter of a circle to reach the perpendicular position, at which position the plow has ripped off the

4. To make a plow to turn deep narrow furrows on the easiest practicable twist, and to lighten the draught of the plow whenever it could be done without detri-hinge. If the slice were cut entirely off by the share, it ment to the best work.

5. To make a series of sizes of plows for turning flat furrows, seven, nine, and twelve inches deep, each plow proportionately combining the above specifications. The experimental trials also led to the production of two sizes of plows for adhesive soils, laying lapped furrows at an angle of 45°; and two sizes of plows for turning stubble furrows.

Fig. 1, represents a furrow-side elevation of the No. 72, or smallest size of the new flat-furrow plows, and fig. 2, a horizontal plan of the same. In considering the remarks I offer upon the No. 72 plow, it will be borne in mind that plow No. 73, for furrows nine inches deep, and plow No. 74, for furrows twelve inches deep, each possess the same general form and working properties of No. 72. They are each constructed upon the principles of an ingenious scale, the lines of which, as applied to the mould-boards of the three plows, are relatively the same throughout.

Fig. 1, represents the handles as long and raking, which gives the plowman a powerful leverage, and an easy and accurate control of the implement; the beam is high, and arches well over the coulter, to permit loose grass or other loose matters to pass off, and the plow to swim clear; the coulter is consequent

would be apt to push off at the bottom so far as to fail of being turned over to its proper position,-in other words, a wider furrow would need to be taken to turn well.

Fig. 4.

k

ly long, and is made wholly of steel, to give it the requisite stiffness; the
wheel, or roller is nine inches in diameter, to prevent laboring and creaking
on the axis, and it is set under the beam, experiments the past summer in-
dicating that a wheel on the side of the beam gives the plow an unsteady
movement; a wrench accompanies the plow, adapted to the adjustment of
the coulter, roller, clevis, &c. ; the draft rod is short, connecting with the
beam forward of the coulter, in order to preserve the space under the
beam in that region entire; the quadrant or clevis attached at the end
of the beam, through the bolt of which the draft-rod passes, is adapt-
ed to give the plow any desired landing or earthing;
the mould-board is long, the line of transit over it for
the furrow-slice, is easy, giving the slice a long, easy,
and equal curvature throughout.

Fig. 2, shows the inclination of the land-side, and the coulter has a corresponding inclination. Fig. 2 also shows the position of the beam over the body of the plow. The share and lower parts of the mould-board are narrow, and the mould-board is high, to adapt the plow to deep, narrow work. The share is long, with a raking cut, which gives it an easy entrance into the ground.

Fig. 3, represents pretty well the movement of a furrow-slice 7 inches deep and 11 inches wide, over the mould-board of this plow, and its final position after leaving the plow. The easy transit and the equal flexure of the slice, are noticable. By means of the inclined

Fig. 6.

and

Fig 4 shows that, theoretically, a farrow cut straight from the land will shut in beside the previously turned furrow. The furrow slice, c, d, e, f, is cut straight down at a, b, and rising on the corner e, as a pivot, it describes a quarter circle, b, d, and then changing to f as a pivot, it describes another quarter circle, e, g, shuts in snugly beside the previous furrow, g, h, i, k. But in practice it is difficult to make the furrows do so; they are very apt to ride on the corners, as represented by Fig. 5. With an inclined land-side, and a bevil-cut from the land, this practical difficulty is avoided.

Fig. 6 represents the movement of the furrow-slice over an imperfect mould-board. It will be observed that the plow is too wide on the bottom to take a narrow furrow, and if the attempt is made to turn a 11 inch furrow, there is no hinge left for it to turn on. The mould-board is so short, and wings over so excessively, that the fur

SURFACE LINE

BASE LINE

DEEP TILLER

STUBBLE

Fig. 8.

Fig. 7.

Ruggles, Nourse, Mason & Co.'s Stubble Plow, No. No. 37.

row-slice is cramped into an unnatural movement, and is badly broken. The plow is also too low every way for a seven-inch furrow, and is completely buried. We find in practice that such plows can only be kept erect in furrows seven inches deep, by constant, laborious exertion on the part of the plowman; that they have a constant tendency to ride the furrow at the point where the mould-board wings over so much; that the heel of the land-side sole is lifted an inch or two from its proper level position in the furrow-channel, and that the plow inclines very much to run on the point of the share. Many of our American plows are too wide on the bottom for narrow furrows, too low in the mould-board for deep furrows, (or furrows seven inches deep,) too short for turning any furrows perfectly, and too unsteady in their movements generally.

It is a too common custom with our farmers in plowing, to strive to get over the greatest possible breadth of land in a day, without regard to the best work. The furrows are too shallow, and they are cut as wide as the plow can possibly turn them, and often even wider, the deficiency in the plow being made up by the foot of the plowman, or else by the "eut and cover system;" and this gives the plow a very unsteady action; the furrows are very crooked and uneven; they do not match together at all well; the plowman raves and scolds and whips; he assumes all sorts of attitudes, the team is chafed and fretted, and the whole matter is wrong. It is much harder work both for man and team to plow so, than it is to take nice,

work in the whole round of husbandry that more demands the exercise of patience, precision and skill, than that of plowing,-none, where, by the exercise of these qualities, the farmer receives a better reward. That old worthy, Jethro Tull, in his honest enthusiasm used to say, that if land were thoroughly pulverised, manure would not be needed. He stated the case pretty strongly; but it is not stating it too strongly to say, that however well land may be manured, the crops it is capable of producing will not be obtained, unless it is well pulverised-unless it is reduced to that state of tilth that permits a free circulation of air and moisture through it. Not the thick heavy clods, but rather the finely pulverised particles form the active portions of the soil. In whatever light, then, we view the matter, thorough puiverisation should be the aim of the farmer. Deep

straight, uniform furrows. But this is not all the evil. | narrow furrows are the best foundation for fine tilth.

The implements that follow the plow cannot do their work half so effectively as they would do if the plowing had been accurate and nice,-much less can they do what should have been done by the plow. There is no

If the plow has failed to prepare this foundation in the best manner, no implement following in the cultivation can supply the deficiency.

Fig. 7 represents a land-side elevation, and fig. 8 a

pendicular position, there is not force enough in the mould-board to compel the slice to go over to its proper place, and as there is not cohesion enough in the slice to hold it together, a portion rolls one way, and a por tion the other. The centre of the furrow on top is therefore the highest, the furrow-channel is half filled up, and the work generally will not compare with that done by the stubble plow No. 37. The stubble plow No. 37, would not make nice work in sward-furrows; it would break them too much.

Fig. 11 represents an elevation and Fig. 12 a plan of the new sward plow for moist adhesive soils. There is

plan of stubble plow, No. 37. There is a larger size, | Then, too, after the furrow-slice has reached the perNo. 38, adapted to deeper work than the plow here represented. The surface-line, Fig. 7, shows the position of this plow in a seven inch furrow. The handles are of good length, though shorter than those of the No. 72 plow; the beam is high and arching; it is mounted with a short draft-rod and a dial-clevis, adapted to give the plow a wide range, both in landing and earthing. The perpendicular height from the base-line to the under side of the beam, immediately forward of the standard, is seventeen inches, which enables the plow to make its way among rank stubble, corn-stalks, &c., without choking. The fin-cutter is an excellent point in this plow. By making an easy, clean cut from the land, the furrow is not encumbered with clods of earth rolling down from the land-side, as they are apt to do where the furrow is torn from the land by the breast of the plow. The fin-cutter also lightens the draught of the plow. Fig. 8 shows the form of the mould-board, the position of the beam over it, and the position of the land-side.

Fig. 9 is a pretty good representation of the work of this plow in stubble or old land. It is noticeable that the furrows are nicely laid for the reception of the seed-grain; that the furrow-slice is all taken up and forced over to an inverted position and there it stays; and that the furrow channel

is entirely cleaned out for the reception of the next | another size, for furrows nine inches deep, of the same furrow. It is impossible, however, to represent these general form and proportions with the one here reprepractical matters exactly, on paper; we can only represent them generally.

Fig. 10 represents the work of an approved sward plow, in stubble furrows. It is not broad and full enough at the heel to clean out the furrow-channel.

sented. The handles, Fig. 11, are long and raking, the beam is high, giving a space of seventeen inches forward of the coulter, and the plow is mounted with a Scotch clevis, the adjustment for earthing being represented in Fig. 11, and that for landing in Fig. 12. The general

Western Horticultural Review.

Gravenstein, Rhode Island Greening, Tallman Sweeting.

No American city is advancing more rapidly towards

(2.) Like many others of our finest apples, it is some-maturity in horticultural knowledge and enterprise, than times very slightly affected, but on the whole few are more free from the bitter-rot, so far as yet tried.

(3.) If compelled to choose between them, we should take the Red Canada. Its flavor is more agreeable, though scarcely so rich as the Spitzenburgh; and although a slender grower, bears better.

(4.) We have no knowledge on the repelling influence of salt on this grub. If it has a cuticle like that of the cabbage-grub, salt cannot affect it much, as some years ago in an experiment to save the cabbages, it was found after having eaten its fill, to be reposing unhurt in the bed of salt encircling the plant, with all the indifference of a philosopher.

(5.) Norton's Elements of Scientific Agriculture.

FRUIT TREES TO SUPPLY A FAMILY." How many trees, and in what proportion for the different kinds, would be a fair number to supply a family of ordinary size, with a good supply of fruit?" P. W.

This is a question which admits of a great many answers, as the domestic habits of a family, nature of the locality, soil, treatment, &c., may vary. But taking the different circumstances at a fair average, and admitting that good cultivation is to be given, one hundred trees ought to be sufficient. With carelessness or inattention, two hundred might not be enough.

A family should be supplied with fresh fruit throughout the whole yearly circle, and therefore there should be a large proportion of long-keepers, which are only to be found among the pears and apples. If the varieties are well selected, and with a proper distribution for a succession in ripening, the following numbers of each would probably effect the desired purpose as well as

MICE.-A correspondent wishes to know the best way to protect trees which have been laid-in in quantities for the winter, from the mice. After trying various modes, the following has proved best-set the trees in an upright or perpendicular position, either on the surface of the ground or in a slight hollow, and then bank up round the stems on all sides. The mice will never climb the sides of a steep mound of fresh earth, and the trees will be safe. Where trees are annually to be thus preserved, a bed of peat drawn on purpose will enable the workman, from its lightness, to cover the roots in a fourth part of the time required with common soil.

the metropolis of the Ohio Valley. An index to this cultural Review, published at that place. Judging from progress is furnished by Dr. WARDER's excellent Hortithe second number, the only one seen, it must stand in the first rank of periodicals of its kind. The present number is largely occupied with a well prepared and minute account of the late rich and varied exhibition of the Cincinnati Horticultural Society, and it also contains several valuable original articles from the editor and correspondents. Although particularly adapted to the region of the west, it cannot fail to prove interesting to amateurs in all parts of the country. Its mechanical execution is in keeping with its general character, exhibiting much neatness and taste.

A few pomological notes, derived from its pages, may prove interesting:

DIANA GRAPE.-It appears that the Diana Grape, classed by many eastern cultivators as the best American variety, is not regarded with great favor by Cincinnati pomologists. In common with "forty others," the editor renders his condemnation of this sort, when compared with the rich and melting Catawba, as it becomes when ripened under the hotter suns of southern Ohio, and thus far exceeding in quality the same Catawba as usually ripened in the eastern and more northern States. He therefore recommends his friends not to purchase too largely or to purchase the Catawba, already so well proved in that region, "of which they can procure one thousand roots, instead of one, for their five dollar bill"-one year Catawbas having been actually sold so low in some instances, where it is cultivated so largely.

KENTUCKY APPLES.-Among those highly commended, are the Bohanon, a delicious, yellow, autumn apple, ripening at the close of summer in Kentucky; the Fall Queen, known also as the Horse Apple, a mid-autumn fruit; and Pryor's Red and Rawle's Janet-"neither of the two latter," it is observed, appear to be known in the eastern States." Pryor's Red has repeatedly fruited in Western New York, where it proves to be a fine apple, but much smaller in size and less reddened than the Kentucky specimens, and considerably resem bles in quality and flavor the Westfield Seeknofurther.

SAVING THE PEACH CROP.-It often happens that throughout the Ohio valley, the peach crop is destroyed by the frosts of spring, after the warm weather has rendered it liable to the disaster by an early growth. A correspondent mentions the case of several young peach trees which were incidentally severely root pruned, by digging a grape border within two feet of the trees, the buds of which did not burst until a week after those in orchards. He therefore proposes root pruning as a security against this destruction. Further north and east, where the peach crop when it fails is nearly always destroyed by the intense frost of winter, this remedy will perhaps be of less importance.

THE CHAUMONTEL PEAR.-The editor of the Genesee Farmer, who has given this pear considerable trial, and who considers it equal to any early winter variety, states that it will not succeed in the latitude of Rochester,