he accomplices of Catiline. He suffered capital punishment along with
Lentulus and the rest. Sallust, B. C. 55.

CAPITO, Publius Gabinius, a Roman praetor, A. U. C. 664, the year
when Archias the poet was registered. After returning from his gov-
ernment of Achaia, he was accused of extortion by Lucius Piso, and con-
demned; and hence his disgraceful fall destroyed the credit of his regis
ter, which his previous corruption had greatly impaired. Cic. pro Arch.
5.-In Caecil. 20.

CARBO, Caius Papirius, an eminent Roman orator, contemporary with
the Gracchi, and the friend of Tiberius, the elder of the two. He was
concerned in some seditious movements the year that Tiberius was
slain, but seems to have changed his sentiments at a subsequent period,
for we find him when consul defending L. Opimius, before the people,
who had slain Caius Gracchus, the brother of his former friend. He is
thought to have been concerned in the death of Publius Africanus. Be-
ing accused at length by L. Crassus, consul elect, on account of the
part he had taken in the sedition of Tiberius Gracchus, he destroyed
himself, by swallowing cantharides, in order to escape from the impend-
ing trial. He is spoken of by Cicero, in the oration for Archias, as having
proposed, in conjunction with Silvanus, a new law respecting the rights
of citizenship. Cic. Brut. 27, 43.-Orat. 1, 34.-In Verr. 3, 1.-Ep.
ad Fam. 9, 21.

CASSIUS, Caius, was consul with M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, and
not with Gellius, as Manutius maintains (ad. Or. pro Rub. c. 7.) His
consulship is to be assigned to A. U. C. 680, the first year of Verres'
Sicilian praetorship. He is mentioned by Cicero as having advocated
the passage of the Manilian Law. Or. pro L. Manil. 23.-Pro Cluent.

49. In. Verr. 1, 23.-In. Verr. 3, 41.

CASSIUS, Lucius, one of the accomplices of Catiline, and a competitor
of Cicero's in suing for the consulship. It is uncertain whether he be
the same with the one mentioned in the oration for Cluentius, c. 38.—
Or. in Cat. 3, 4.

CATILINA, Lucius Sergius, a Roman of patrician rank, and the last
of the gens Sergia. Of his father and grandfather little is known. The
former would seem to have been in indigent circumstances, from the
language of Quintus Cicero, (de Pet. Cons. c. 2,) who speaks of Catiline
as having been born amid the poverty of his father. The great-grand-
father, M. Sergius Silus, or Silo, distinguished himself highly in the
second Punic war, and was present in the battles of Ticinus, Trebia,
Trasymenus, and Cannae. Pliny speaks of his exploits in a very anima-
ted strain.-The cruelty of Catiline's disposition, his undaunted resolu-
tion, and the depravity of his morals, fitted him for acting a prominent
part in the turbulent and bloody scenes of the period in which he lived.
He embraced the interests of Sylla, in whose army he held the office of
quaestor. That monster, in his victory, had in Catiline an able coadjutor,
whose heart knew no sympathy, and his lewdness no bounds. He re-
joiced in the carnage and plunder of the proscribed, gratifying at one time
his own private resentments, by bringing his enemies to punishment, and
executing at another the bloody mandates of the dictator himself. Many
citizens of noble birth are said to have fallen by his hands, and according
to Plutarch, he had assassinated his own brother, during the civil war,
and now to screen himself from prosecution, persuaded Sylla to put him

down ainong the proscribed, as a person still alive. He murdered, too,
with his own hands, his sister's husband, a Roman knight of a mild and
peaceable character. One of the most horrid actions, however, of which
he was guilty, would seem to have been the killing of M. Marius Grati-
dianus, a near relation of the celebrated Marius. Sylla had put the name
of this individual on the list of the proscribed; whereupon Catiline en-
tered the dwelling of the unfortunate man, exhausted upon his person al
the refinements of cruelty and insult, and having at length put an end to
his existence, carried his bloody head in triumph through the streets of
Rome, and brought it to Sylla, as he sat on his tribunal in the forum.
When this was done, the murderer washed his hands in the lustral water
at the door of Apollo's temple, which stood in the immediate vicinity.—
Catiline was peculiarly dangerous and formidable, as his power of dis-
simulation enabled him to throw a veil over his vices. Such was his
art, that, while he was poisoning the minds of the Roman youth, he
gained the friendship and esteem of the severe Catulus. The close of
his career is detailed in the pages of Sallust. Being driven from the
city by the eloquence of Cicero, he betook himself with a body of fol-
lowers to the camp of Manlius in Etruria, and in the action which ensued
with the forces of the republic, whose movements had cut him off from
all communication with lower Italy, while another army prevented his
passage into Cisalpine Gaul, he fell bravely fighting near the Etrurian
town of Pistoria. Plin. H. N. 7, 29.—Plut. Vit. Šyll. c. 32.—Id. Vit.
Cic. c. 10.-Sallust, B. C. c. 56, seqq.

CATO, Marcus Porcius, surnamed for distinction' sake, "the Elder,"
and also "the Censor," was born B. C. 234, at Tusculum, of a family
in no respect remarkable. After having passed his earlier years in the
country, he came to Rome, through the persuasions of Valerius Flaccus,
a nobleman who had an estate contiguous to Cato's. Valerius had heard
of Cato through his domestics. They told him that he used to go early
in the morning to the little towns in the neighbourhood, and defend the
causes of such as applied to him; that thence he would return to his
farm, where, in a coarse frock if it was winter, and naked if it was sum-
mer, he would labour along with his domestics, and afterward sit down
with them, and partake of their bread and wine. At Rome, Cato's
pleadings soon procured him friends and admirers; and the interest of
Valerius likewise greatly assisted him, so that he was at first appointed
tribune of the soldiers, and afterward elected quaestor. Among all the
more aged senators he attached himself chiefly to Fabius Maximus. He
was at first quaestor in Africa, under Scipio Africanus, and afterward
praetor in the island of Sardinia, which he brought under the Roman
sway. Being elected to the consulship, along with his early friend and
patron Valerius Flaccus, he obtained for his province the government of
Hispania Citerior, where he greatly signalized himself, and for his suc-
cesses in which country he was honoured with a triumph.
He was
chosen censor, with Valerius again for his colleague, B. C. 184, and
discharged the duties of that high office with such inflexible severity, as
to obtain from it one of the titles usually appended to his name. Catc
occupies a conspicuous place in Roman history for his oostinate perse-
verence in insisting on the destruction of Carthage, and is said to have
ended every speech, no matter what the subject was, or with what busi-
ness the senate might be engaged, by repeating the well-known phrase,

"Censeo quoque Carthaginem esse delendam," or, as it is more com
monly given," Delenda est Carthago." His advice was at last fol wed
but the tide of corruption that flowed in upon Rome, when the fear of
her great rival was at an end, shows plainly how feeble, in this respect,
were Cato's claims to political sagacity. This distinguished man ended
his days B. C. 149, at the age of 85, and at the very moment when the
third Punic war had broken out, which ended in the fulfilment of his
ong-cherished wish concerning Carthage.-As a magistrate, a general,
a lawyer, and a public speaker, Cato the censor, merits a high degree
of reputation. His rigour and austerity, brought to bear with no less
strictness on his own life than on that of others, obtained for him from
his countrymen a degree of consideration fully equal to that which he
had acquired by the exercise of his talents. He was the inveterate and
sworn foe of luxury, and so keenly did he pursue it under all the various
shapes which it assumed, as even to cut off the pipes by which private
individuals conveyed water from the public fountains into their houses
and gardens, and to demolish all the buildings that projected into the
streets. He is well known also for his strenuous opposition to the intro-
duction of the fine arts and the sciences into the capital of Italy, through
fear lest the refinements of Greece and Asia might corrupt the principles
of his countrymen. He pressed also the departure of the Greek philos-
ophers who had come to Rome as ambassadors from Athens, for be
dreaded lest the habit of speaking on both sides of a question, on which
Carneades one of the number particularly prided himself, might convert
the Roman youth into mere sophists, and render them indifferent to glory
and virtue. And yet he himself took up the study of the Greek language
at an advanced period of life.-Cato, by the universal consent of his
contemporaries, passed for the best farmer of his age, and was held un-
rivalled for the skill and success of his agricultural operations. He is
the author of a work on husbandry, entitled "De Re Rustica," which
has come down to our times, though in a somewhat imperfect state, since
Pliny, and other writers allude to subjects as treated of by Cato, and to
opinions as delivered by him in this book, which are nowhere to be found
in any part of the work as we now have it. In its present state, it
resembles merely the loose and unconnected journal of a plain farmer,
expressed with rude, sometimes with almost oracular, brevity. It con-
sists solely of the driest rules of agriculture, and some receipts for
making various kinds of cakes and wines. The most remarkable feature
in the work, however, is its total want of arrangement. Cato left also
one hundred and fifty orations, which were existing in Cicero's time,
though much neglected. They are now lost. Cicero admits, that, if
number and cadence, and an easier turn of expression were given to his
sentences, there would be few who could claim the preference to Cato.
He wrote also a book on Military Discipline, a good deal of which has
been incorporated into the work of Vegetius. His principal production,
however, was an historical treatise in seven books, entitled "De Origi-
nibus." Its object was to discuss and settle the history and antiquities
of the Roman people, with a view to counteract the influence of the
Greek taste, introduced by the Scipios. Only fragments of it remain.
He wrote also on Orators and on the Medical art. The former of these
productions was a treatise addressed to his son, and entitled " De Orator
ud filium." The work on medicine would appear to have been a sin

gular affair; and his great object was to decry the compound drugs of
the Greek physicians, whom he accuses of having formed a league to
poison all the barbarians, among whom they classed the Romans. Cato
finding that their patients lived, notwithstanding this detestable conspir-
acy, began to regard the Greek practitioners as impious sorcerers, who
counteracted the course of nature, and restored dying men to life by
means of unholy charms; and he therefore advised his countrymen to
remain steadfast, not only by their old Roman principles and manners
but also by the venerable unguents and salubrious balsams, which haa
come down to them from the wisdom of their grandmothers. Such as
they were, Cato's old medical saws continued long in repute at Rome.-
Aulus Gellius mentions Cato's "Libri quaestionum epistolicarum," and
Cicero his Apophthegmata, (De Off. 1, 29,) which was probably the first
example of that class of works which, under the appellation of Ana, be-
came so fashionable and prevalent in France.-Cato wrote also a work
entitled "Carmen de Moribus." This, however, was not written in
verse, as might be supposed from the title. Precepts, imprecations, and
prayers, or any set formula whatever, were called Carmina. Dunlop's
Roman Lit. vol. 2, p. 12, seqq.

CATO, Marcus Porcius, afterward surnamed in history Uticensis, on
account of his having destroyed himself at Utica, was the great-grand-
son of Cato the censor. His parents died when he was very young, and
he was educated under the roof of his mother's brother, Livius Drusus.
He was austere in his morals, a strict follower of the tenets of the Stoic
sect, and so great a lover of what was virtuous and right, as to pursue
every object of such a nature with undeviating steadiness, regardless of
the difficulties which he might have to encounter, or of the dangers to
which he might be exposed. Cato exerted himself, though in vain, to
stem the torrent of Roman luxury and corruption, and in his own person
he copied the simplicity of earlier days. He often appeared barefooted
in public, and never travelled but on foot. In whatever office he was
employed, he always reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient reg-
ulations. To the qualities of a virtuous man, and the rectitude of a stern
patriot, Cato added the intrepidity of a brave soldier and the talents of an
able general. In the affair of the conspiracy of Catiline, he gave Cicero
his constant and vigorous support, and it was chiefly through his efforts,
in opposition to those of Caesar, that the accomplices of Catiline were
capitally punished. This virtuous Roman put an end to his existence at
Utica, after the defeat of Juba and Scipio by Caesar in the battle of
Thapsus. Plut. Vit. Cat. Min.

CATULUS, Quintus Lutatius, a noble Roman, conspicuous for both his
love of country and private virtues. He was the colleague of Marius, in
the consulship, when the Cimbri and Teutones came down upon the
south of Europe, and he was engaged with that commander in the san-
guinary conflict at the Raudii Campi, where the Cimbri were so signally
defeated by the Romans. We afterward find him censor with Crassus;
and, subsequently to this, opposing the attempt of Crassus to make Egyp
tributary. Catulus was in politics on the aristocratic side, and was of
course a warm opponent of Julius Caesar. He was competitor also with
the latter for the office of pontifex, but was unsuccessful in his applica-
tion. The character of Catulus stood deservedly high. A stranger to
flattery and adulation, he reproved, with equal openness, the levity of the

multitude, and the misconduct of the senate. After a long life of hon
ourable usefulness, Catulus was compelled to put an end to his days, by
order of the sanguinary Marius. In order to effect this, he shut himself
up in a narrow chamber, newly plastered, and suffocated himself by the va-
pour produced by a large fire. Cic. pro Font. 15.-Id. pro Muren. 17.—
Id. Orat. 3,3.--Plut. Vit. Mar. 14, seqq.-Id. ibid. 44.-Id. Vit. Crass. 13.
CATULUS, Quintus Lutatius, son of the preceding. He obtained the
consulship along with Lepidus, B. C. 78, and opposed the views of hi
colleague who was in favour of rescinding the acts of Sylla. He dedi-
cated the new capitol, the old one having been destroyed by fire.
tulus was the first that pronounced Cicero" the father of his country,”
and it was he who accused Caesar of participation in the conspiracy of
Catiline. This is also the Catulus that opposed the passage of the Ma-
nilian Law, and of whom Plutarch relates the anecdote which we have
mentioned under note 17, page 90. His character for patriotism and
Cic. Or. in Cat. 3, 10.-Id.

Ca-

integrity stood as high as his father's had.
in Verr. 4, 31.-Id. pro Manil. Leg. 17, seqq.—Tacit. Hist. 3, 72.—
Vell. Paterc. 2, 32.

CETHEGUS, Caius Cornelius, a Roman of corrupt morals and turbulent
character. He filled at one time the office of tribune, and was also a
warm partisan of Sylla, after having originally sided with Marius. Sub-
sequently, however, losing the influence which he had possessed, he
joined in the conspiracy of Catiline. Cicero inforins us, that, in rash-
ness and daring, he surpassed Catiline himself, and almost equalled him
in strength of body, love of arms, and dignity of birth. In arranging the
details of the plot, the conspirators assigned to Cethegus the task of
posting himself at the door of Cicero's house, and, after he had forced an
entrance, of murdering that illustrious Roman. The vigilance of Cicere
frustrated this design. Cethegus was apprehended along with Lentulus
and the rest, and strangled in prison.-Sallust. B. C. 43.—Id. ibid. 46
-Cic. Or. in Cat. 3, 3.

CICERO, Quintus Tullius, brother of the orator. He attained to the
dignity of praetor, A. U. C. 693, and afterward held a government in
Asia, as pro-praetor, for four years. Quintus returned to Rome at the
moment when his brother was driven into exile; and for some time after
was chiefly employed in exerting himself to obtain his recall. Subse-
quently to this, we find him serving as one of Caesar's lieutenants in
Gaul, and displaying much courage and ability on many trying and im-
portant occasions. During the civil war, however, he abandoned the side
of Caesar, and espoused the party of Pompey. But, after the battle of
Pharsalia, he followed Caesar into Asia, in order to obtain a pardon, and
that he might the more easily accomplish this, he threw all the blame of
his defection upon his brother the orator. For this purpose, he made it
a point in all his letters and remarks to Caesar's friends, to rail at the
orator in a most unfeeling and disgraceful manner. At a subsequent
period he was proscribed by the triumvirate, and concealed himself at
Rome, but was discovered and put to death together with his son.-We
have remaining, at the present day, the correspondence of Cicero, the
orator, with his brother Quintus. The first letter in the collection is one
of the noblest productions of the kind that has ever been penned. It is
addressed to Quintus on occasion of his government in Asia being pro-
onged for a third year. Availing himself of the rights of an elder brother