considerations of justice and honor, we think the act of Congress making appropriations for the payment of such claims was valid without reference to the question of the validity or invalidity of the original act providing for the payment of bounties to manufacturers of sugar, as contained in the Tariff act of 1890. The judgments in these cases are right, irrespective of how that question might be decided, or of any conclusion that might be reached upon other questions suggested at the bar." The effect of the decision made immediately available for the payment of the cane, beet and sorghum sugar claims, under the $5,000,000 appropriation, the following: production OLEOMARGARINE.-The in the United States, as reported to the Internal Revenue Bureau since 1888. has been as follows: 1888, 32,667,755 pounds; 1889, 33.865,120 pounds; 1890, 30.960, 286 pounds; 1891, 43,574,422 pounds; 1892, 47.283,750 pounds; 1893, 65,061.775 pounds; 1894, 66,472,900 pounds; 1895, 53, 264,475 pounds. COAL The production since 1890 has been as follows: 1890, anthracite, 36,617.[42 tons; bituminous, 78,011,224 tons; 1891, anthracite, 41,392,499 tons; bituminous, 82,692,623 tons; 1892, anthracite, 42,941, TELEPHONES.-The aggregate length of wire operated by the Bell Company on January 1, 1896, was 577,200 miles; the number of instruments under rental and in the hands of licensees was 582,506. The company received in rentals of telephones in 1894 $3,502,992; it paid its stockholders in dividends in that year $3,000,000. PETROLEUM.-One may form some idea of the value of the oil wells to the United States from the fact that there was produced in 1895 a total of 2,072,469,672 gallons of crude petroleum. The distillation of 100 gallons of crude petroleum will yield 76 gallons of illuminating oil; 11 gallons of gasoline, benzine or naphtha; 3 gallons of lubricating oil and 10 gallons of residum and loss. The exports in 1895 amounted to 14,801,224 gallons of naphtha, 714,859,144 gallons of illuminating oil, 43,418,942 gallons of lubricating oil and 137,508 gallons of residuum (tar, pitch and all other bodies from which the light bodies have been distilled), of a total value of $46,660,082. SEA WATER'S SATURATION. German scientists, who claim to have made most careful computations, declare that if all the salt in the sea waters of the globe was extracted, the amount would be greater than the land, so far as the latter appears above the surface. The statement is that the seas cover 73 per cent of the earth's surface, estimated at 9,260,000 (German) square miles. The percentage of chlornatrium in the sea is the same at all depths. Assuming that the average depth of the sea is a half (German) mile, there are then 3,400,000 cubic miles of sea water. A cubic mile of sea water contains, the average, about fifty-five pounds of salt. The 3,400,000 cubic miles of sea water would therefore contain 85,000 cubic miles of distilled pure salt. on NEWSPAPERS A CENTURY OLD. Founded: 1756-"New-Hampshire Gazette," Portsmouth. 1758 "Newport Mercury," "Newport, R. I. 1764-"Connecticut Courant, Hartford. 1771-Massachusetts Spy." Boston. 1779-New-Jersey Journal,' Elizabeth. 1785-Augusta Chronicle," Augusta, Ga. 1786 "Hampshire Gazette," Northampton, Mass. 1790 -Salem Gazette,' Salem, Mass. 1792"Greenfield Gazette," Greenfield, Mass. 1792-New-Jersey State Gazette,' Trenton. 1792 The Guardian," New-Brunswick, N. J. POPULATION BY SEXES IN UNITED STATES. The census of 1890 gives the number of males as 32.067,880; females, 30,554,370. The proportion of women to men is decreasing at each decade as shown in the census of 1870, when there were 97,801 females to every 100,000 males; in 1880 there were 96,544 females to 100,000 males; in 1890, 95,280 females to 100,000 males. 116 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. The total average yield and value of principal farm products of the United States for 1895 were as follows: Acres. Bushels. | Value. On June 1, 1890, the 4,564,641 farms in contained 1,117,494 the States United working oxen, 16,511,950 milch cows, and other cattle. These figures 33,734, 128 showed an increase of 124,153 of working oxen over the figures of 1880; of 4,068,830 milch cows, and of 11,245,578 other cattle. There were also 5,851,640 neat cattle on ranges, of which 1,959,888 were cows and Wheat 34,047,332) 467,102,947 $237,938,998 calves. Taking the country as a whole. 82,075,830 2,151,138,580 544,985,534 cattle on farms 27,878,406) 824,443,537 163,655,068 0.99 per cent of neat were 27,210,070 11,964,826 16.08 per cent 1,890,345 were pure bred, 29,312,413 87,072,744) or higher), and 3,299,973 grades (one-half blood 15,341,399 6,936,325 82.93 per cent were common or native. 78,984,901 The following additional statistics are *47,078,541 393,185,615 taken from the report on the census of 1890: Corn .. Oats B'wh't. 763,277 P'toes Hay 2,954,952 44,206,453) 297,237,370 *Tons. Both in area and total product the corn bushels; buckwheat, against 32.4; rye, 44 cents, against 50.1; The wheat crop of the world for 1894 and 1895 was, in bushels, as follows: Number. I 2,278,946 103,204,457 16,137,586 363,955,545 Oxen & other c'tle. 32,085,409 508,928,416 38,298,783) 65,167,735 42,842,759 186,529,745 Sheep more The fall in the value of horses appears to be universal, and is attributed to the financial and industrial depression; the efficient motive introduction of power, and the cost of feed consequent on There protracted and repeated drouths. is also a marked decline in number, the chief reasons adduced being the introduction of electric and cable cars and the increased use of bicycles. Both in area and in total product the crop of corn DAIRY PRODUCTS. The Dairy Division of the Department of Agriculture commenced operations on July 1, 1895, and early in 1896 it issued a statistical report on cattle and their products in this and foreign countries. THE EARTH. The area of the earth is 197,500,425 square miles, of which 145,000,000 are of water and 52,500,425 of land; its circumference at the equator is 24,896.8214 statute miles. The diameter of the earth at the poles is 7,898.8809 statute miles, and at the equator 7,924.9111 statute miles. Of the principal land divisions, North Amermiles; ica square comprises 8,155,438 South America, 7,410,042 square miles; Europe, 3,807,115 square miles; Asia, 16,428,854 square miles; Africa, 11,500,000 square miles; Oceanica, 5,198,451 square miles. Among the highest mountains are Mount Everest, India, 29,002 feet; Mount Dapsang, Thibet, 28,278 feet; Aconcagua, Chili, 22,422 feet; Chimborazo, Ecuador, 21.420 feet; Arequipa, Peru, 20,320 feet; Kilima-Njaro, East Africa, 19,600 feet; Logan, Canada, 19,500 feet, Elbouz, Russia, 18,526 feet; Popocatepetl, Mexico, 17,784 feet; Mt. Blanc, France, 15,810 feet; Whitney, California, 14,898; Rainier, feet; Pike's Peak, Washington, 14,444 Colorado, 14.147 feet; Fremont's Peak, Wyoming, 13,576 feet. The largest lakes are Lake Superior, with an area of 32,000 square miles, and Lake Michigan, 25,600 square miles. of railway capital was $10,963,584,385, which shows that the railways of the United States are capitalized at $63,206 per mile. The number of passengers carried during the year was 507,421,362, being a decrease of 33,266,837 as compared with the previous year. Reducing this to passenger per mile it would show, as per the reports of the railways, that the number of passengers carried one mile was 12,188,466,271, being a decrease of 2,100,999,622 as compared with 1894. The number of tons of freight reported by the carriers was 696,761,171, being an increase of 58,574,618 tons over that of 1895. The number of employes killed during the year was 1,811, and the number injured was 25,696. The number of persons killed was 4,320, and the number injured 8,052. Mileage. June 30, 1894. Arkansas California 3,708.61 2,466.99 4,861.40 3,700.59 2,544.22 4,853.26 4,550.95 Kansas 10,649.28 6,326.16 6,395.28 8,477.54 8,513.37 8,841.21 8,812.03 6,009.07 6,045.42 Fourth. Mississippi 2,478.26 2,505.19 Fifth. Missouri 6,499.01 6,591.97 Sixth. Montana Seventh. Nebraska Eighth. Ninth.. Tenth.. Twelfth. 8,071.84 8,102.81 Fifteenth. 3,432.44 3,437.01 Twentieth.. North Dakota Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota 6,022.95 Wyoming 1,159.78 Arizona 1,126.00 Dist. of Columbia. 28.35 Indian Territory. 1,010.63 New-Mexico 1,414.54 Oklahoma Nevada New-Hampshire North Carolina. Ohio Utah 3,064.57 3,110.48 3,574.12 2,810.92 2,840.18 1,935.77 1,993.74 6,050.93 1,179.97 1,373.41 28.57 1,000.36 382.39 1,358.53 1,487.31 382.39 1,375.72 1895, 180,657.47; 1894, 178.708.55; 1893, 176,461.07; 1892, 171,563.52; 1891, 168,402.74; 1890, 163,597.05. The miles of railway lines constructed reflect, as compared with square miles of territory and population, the rate of development in railway facilities since 1890. Thus in the year 1890 there were 5.51 miles of line for each 100 square miles of territory, which was increased to 6.08 miles of line per 100 square miles of territory in 1895. In 1890 there were 26.03 miles of line per 10,000 inhabitants, as against 26.16 miles in 1895. The total number of locomotives in the employ of the railways of the United States on June 30, 1895, was 35,699, and the total number of cars in the service of the railways was 1,270,561. The number of persons employed was 785,034, a decrease of 88,568 as compared with 1893. The amount ANNIVERSARIES. .Cotton wedding .Paper wedding Leather wedding ...Book wedding Wooden wedding ..Garnet wedding Woollen wedding ..Bric-a-brac wedding Topaz wedding .Silk and fine linen wedding ..Crystal wedding ....China wedding ...Silver wedding .Pearl wedding .Sapphire wedding Ruby wedding .Golden wedding Diamond wedding THE CUBAN REVOLT. The causes which led to the uprising of the Cubans against Spanish rule in the island of Cuba, on February 24, 1895 (on which day the Cubans declared their separation from the Spanish monarchy), are many. Señor Palma set these causes forth in a communication to Secretary Olney in December, 1805. He said that they were substantially the same as those of the former revolution, which lasted from 1868 to 1878, and terminated only on the representation of the Spanish Government that such reforms as would remove the grounds of complaint on the part of the Cuban people would be granted. The hopes thus held out were never realized; taxes were levied anew on everything conceivable; the offices in the island were increased, but the officers appointed were all Spaniards; the native Cubans were left with no public duties to perform, except the payment of taxes to the Government and blackmail to the officials; Spain framed laws so that the natives were substantially deprived of the right of suffrage; the taxes levied were almost entirely devoted to support of the army and navy in Cuba, to pay the interest on the debt that Spain had saddled on the island, and to pay the salaries of the vast number of Spanish officeholders, devoting only $746,000 for internal improvements, out of $26,000,000 collected the by tax; no public schools were put within reach of the masses for their education; all of the principal industries of the island were hampered by excessive imports; the commerce of the island, with every other country except Spain, was crippled in every possible manner; Cubans were not provided with security of person or property; the judiciary were instruments of the military authorities; there was trial by military tribunals at any time at the will of the Captain-General; there was no freedom of speech, press or religion. Cuba is divided into six provinces, as follows: Pinar del Rio, Havana, Matanzas, Santa Clara, Puerto Principe and Santiago de Cuba. The people in Santiago, Matanzas and Santa Clara responded promptly to the call for the uprising, the other provinces delaying only because of the lack of arms. From the very beginning conflicts between the Spanish troops and the Cubans were of almost daily occurrence, and many engagements of importance took place, ports being captured and towns taken. The Cuban forces at first consisted of cavalry, infantry and engineers; later a corps of artillery and a sanitary corps were added. The Cuban "army of liberation," as it was called, had a strength in March of about 43,000 men. In addition to these there were innumerable local bands of from fifteen to twenty, or even 100. These did not form part of the fighting force proper, their chief functions being to carry out the orders of Gomez prohibiting the grinding of cane, the movement of troops and supplies by rail, the shipment of provisions to cities, the suppression of "plateados," who rob, burn and commit other crimes. From the beginning the Cuban forces were outnumbered by those of Spain by at least four to one, but it was a reckless, dare-devil army with but one idea in view, and that was to free Cuba. Major-General Maximo Gomez was made commander-in-chief of the Cuban Army, having direct command of the western division, while General Antonio Maceo had command of the eastern division. The Spanish Government found the attempt to keep Cuba in her possession not only a hazardous and an expensive undertaking, but their commanders in Cuba were unsatisfactory. After the insurgents had been in the field about a month Captain-General Callejas (by request) resigned his office, and Martinez de Campos was sent to Cuba to "put down the rising at any cost." He promised to accomplish this, establish peace, and return to Spain by November. The insurgents were not crushed by November, nor did De Campos return to Spain with the signed articles of peace. He was recalled, however, on January 17, 1896, and succeeded by General Weyler, who Senator Sherman characterized as "a demon rather than a general." From the beginning of the insurrection the conduct of the Cubans as to prisoners was in strong contrast to that of the Spaniards. Prisoners taken by the insurgents were invariably well treated, cared for, and liberated as soon as possible. On the part of the Spaniards, butcheries and outrages were committed on peaceful men and women, as well as the Cuban soldiers. General Weyler is sued three proclamations on February 16, 1896, the first of which defined offenders made subject to military jurisdiction and trial, and these included newspaper correspondents, marauding bands, spies and guides, and those supplying arms and ammunition, etc., to the Cubans, or who should praise them. The other proclamations required all persons to register and identify themselves at the military headquarters, and designated how military trials should be conducted. They removed all doubt of his intention to adopt a vígorous policy toward the rebels in the cities as well as those in the field. As to the Cuban Civil Government, a Provisional Government was established by the convention which fixed upon the date for the revolt, by electing Jose Marti as the civil head. Señor Marti was killed on May 20 following, in the battle near Dos Rios. Early in September, 1895, representatives from each of the provinces were elected to the Constituent Assembly, which was organized to establish a permanent government, republican in form. The Assembly met at Jimaguay on September 13, and three days later the Constitution of the Republic was adopted. The Constitution authorized the vesting of the executive and deliberative functions in a President and Cabinet. The Cabinet was to consist of four secretaries, who, together with the President and Vice-President, were to constitute the Ministerial Council. There was no provision made for a representative governThe Judicial Department was to be kept distinct from the other two divisions of the government. The permanent government was formed by electing the following chief officials: President, Salvador Cisneros; Secretary of War, Carlos Roloff; General-in-Chief, Maximo Gomez; Lieutenant-General, Antonio Maceo. ment. During the struggle the United States maintained a position of strict neutrality, but filibustering expeditions were fitted out and they managed, in some instances, to elude the officials. On June 11, 1895, the American Secretary of State issued instructions to customs officials, enjoining them to prevent the departure from United States ports of such expeditions. On the following day the President issued a proclamation admonishing all persons to abstain from violations of the laws which forbid acts of hostility directed against a friendly nation. Resolutions for the recognition of the belligerency of Cuba were introduced in Congress at different times, but they were for the most part confused and contradictory. Ultimately the following compromise resolution was passed by the Senate on February 28, 1896, by a vote of 64 to 6: "Resolved, That in the opinion of Congress a condition of public war exists between the Government of Spain and the Government proclaimed, and for some time maintained by force of arms by the people of Cuba, and that the United States of America should maintain a strict neutrality between the contending powers, according to each all the rights of helligerents in the ports and territory of the United States. On June 4, 1896, an agreement went into effect, providing for the reciprocal crossing of the international boundary line by the troops of the United Staes and the Republic of Mexico in pursuit of hostile Indians. The following is the text of its conditions: "Article I-It is agreed that the regular Federal troops of the two republics may reciprocally cross the boundary line of the two countries when they are in close pursult of Kid's band of hostile Indians on the conditions stated in the following articles. 38,423,765 31,849,656 26,038,333 17,550,626 "Article II-It is understood for the purpose of this agreement that no Indian scout of the Government of the United States of America shall be allowed to cross the boundary line unless he goes as a guide and trailer, unarmed, and with the proviso that, in no case, more than two scouts shall attend each company or detachment. "Article III-The reciprocal crossing agreed upon in Article I shall only take place in the uninhabited or desert parts of raid boundary line. For the purposes of this agreement the uninhabited or des |