a person endeavouring to move the wheels would find a resistance equal to 150lbs. ; the cause of the resistance was this, that the traction upon the engine induced additional friction of the machinery, and that, probably, was one-fifth of the whole amount of friction. If the carriage moved without a train, there would be a passive resistance; if a train were attached to it, there would be induced a considerable friction of the machinery. There were, in fact, three causes of resistance the friction of the carriage, the passive resistance, the additional friction by the train; the first and last varying according to the weight of the train. On the other side there was the expansive force of the steam. The quantity of work done was greater as the velocity was less. He would chiefly apply himself to inclined planes. Great power was required in drawing a train up an inclined plane, but when the train came down the inclination no additional power was gained, because the steam evaporated through the safety-valve. On this account, in addition to the loss of time, inclined planes on railways were highly injurious, and should be avoided. Dr. Lardner stated his entire concurrence in all that had fallen from Professor Moseley.

A very important discussion arose on the application of our knowledge of the phenomena of waves to the improvement of the navigation of shallow rivers and canals, by Mr. Russell; the result of whose experiments are detailed in the proceedings of Tuesday, Section A.

TUESDAY.-Mr. Hawkins read a paper on an Improvement on Neper's Rods, for facilitating the multiplication of high numbers, with little liability of error; the invention of J. N. Cossham, Esq., of Bristol.

Mr. Daubeny explained the properties of an instrument he had contrived for obtaining sea water at great depths for chemical analysis. Mr. Braham explained an improvement he had made in the mariner's compass.

There being no other business before the section, it broke up early.

WEDNESDAY.-The Chairman read a paper on Naval Architecture, sent by Mr. Henwood, of Portsmouth Dock Yard.

Mr. Price exhibited a model of a new construction of Paddle Wheels, he had them placed on his steam vessel, and he could now do 108 miles in eight hours and a half. The paddle rose vertically and the water ran off, and it was also a saving of one-third in fuel and time. These paddle wheels where adopted by the Ord

nance.

A discussion ensued between Mr. Russell and Mr. Price, which did not terminate until 3 o'clock, when the meeting broke up.

THURSDAY.-Mr. Chatfield read a very long essay on Naval Architecture. Mr. Enys gave a most interesting account of the Cornish steam-engines,

Dr. Lardner then proceeded at great length to detail his plan for steam communication with the United States. After pointing out

the practicability of the scheme, as far as regarded the stowage of a sufficient quantity of coals, and the inexpediency of attempting a direct voyage to New York,) as the supply of fuel would only admit of a run of 2080 miles,) observed the question then became a geographical one as to the best mode of accomplishing the voyage. There were two ways which might be proposed; one, to make the Azores an intermediate station, and to proceed from thence to New York: the other would be to proceed to some point in Newfoundland, and make that an intermediate station; the distance from Bristol to the Azores is 1300 miles, and from the Azores to New York 2400 miles, being 20 per cent. more than the steam limit he had mentioned. There was a point called Sidney, in Cape Breton, where there were coal mines, worked to a profit by Messrs. Rundell and Bridge-but then, that was 2300 miles; but if we took our final departure from some place upon the western coast of Ireland, and there charge the vessel with coals, the distance to Sydney would be only 1900 miles. The railroad system might be established in Ireland, which would be a benefit in more ways than one; London and all the southern section of the country would pour in their produce and population by the railway to Bristol.

Mr. Brunel then pointed out some errors in the calculation made by Dr. Lardner, which would be in favour of the undertaking: he was convinced nine or even ten miles an hour might be accomplished. This discussion, which created the greatest possible interest, closed this section, which has been completely filled during its sittings.

The Public Dinner, on Monday, at the Horticultural rooms, was attended by upwards of five hundred persons, the Rev. Dr. Lloyd, the Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, in the chair. Soon after seven the company adjourned to the Theatre, which was crowded in every part. At eight o'clock the president of the previous meeting at Dublin, Dr. Lloyd, commenced the business of the evening by addressing the assembled members; in the course of which he eulogized in glowing terms the Association and its purposes: "by the rapid interchange of scientific knowledge, and putting forth the giant powers of the mind, to combine with one simultaneous effort those engaged in kindred pursuits, thereby accelerating the progress of discovery and the advance of knowledge. The practical mechanic, as well as the philosopher (he subsequently observed), share alike in and aid our labours; and from this Association also does the statesman seek his materials wherewith to improve the social edifice. If I may use a figurative expression, it bears an analogy to a brilliant gem, which, though it may be dignified by its setting, yet its own native lustre is not impaired or improved by any thing extrinsic. Yet, nevertheless, permit me now to offer to you my congratulations on the splendid setting it is about to receive, and which is only fitting its inestimable value, in the countenance and support of the Marquis of Northampton, whom I now beg to introduce to you as the chairman."

The noble chairman then addressed the meeting; and, after expressing his sympathy with the melancholy event which deprived them of the presence of the Marquis of Lansdowne, panegyrized the Association and its effects in expressive language. "I trust (he said) that Bristol will follow the example of the other places which this Association has visited; and that, for this week at least, all sectarian feelings will die away, and the hideous forms of political and religious animosity will be banished: it is not by hating our fellow-citizens that we show either our patriotism or our religion. This happy consummation is one of the great moral advantages of the Association. There is another point to which I wish to advert: there have arrived to join us many distinguished persons from foreign parts; I am sure it is not necessary for me, in Bristol, whence Sebastian Cabot sailed, to urge upon you to welcome and cherish them. Shew to them that the time has at length arrived when Science and her sisters, Religion, Arts, and Literature-those four enchantresses, with their magic wand, have scared away the fiends of national enmity and strife; and that all nations are now united in furthering the common interest of our common species."

Dr. Daubeny, as one of the secretaries for the Bristol meeting, on whom the task devolved, next addressed the assembly, and gave an excellent resumé of the proceedings of the past year, and analysis of the volume of transactions, which has just been published. We are reluctantly compelled to confine ourselves to his concluding remarks:-"What proportion of such inquiries (i. e., those contained in the volume over which he had gone) may be attributable to the influence of this Association, and how much might have been merely the result of that increased taste for physical research to which the Association itself owes its existence, I do not pretend to determine; this, however, at least, must be allowed, that many of the most important truths communicated might have been long in winning their way to general recognition, and in ridding themselves of those exaggerated and mistaken views which are the common accompaniments of every infant discovery, had it not been for the opportunities which these meetings afford of examining the very authors of them, with respect to their own inquiries; of confrouting them with others who have prosecuted similar trains of research; of questioning them with respect to the more doubtful and difficult points involved; and of obtaining from them, in many instances, an exhibition of the very experiments by which they had been led to their conclusions. It is consolatory to reflect that Providence hus attached to every one of the conditions of society through which nations are destined to pass, capabilities of moral and intellectual improvement; and that the very sciences which so amply minister to our physical enjoyments also afford the means of those higher gratifications which spring from the exercise of the taste and the imagination. Thus, although it may not be easy for the citizen to indulge to any extent in studies alien from the pursuits which engross his hours of business, yet it cannot be deemed

the practicability of the scheme, as far as regarded the stowage of a sufficient quantity of coals, and the inexpediency of attempting a direct voyage to New York,) as the supply of fuel would only admit of a run of 2080 miles,) observed the question then became a geographical one as to the best mode of accomplishing the voyage. There were two ways which might be proposed; one, to make the Azores an intermediate station, and to proceed from thence to New York: the other would be to proceed to some point in Newfoundland, and make that an intermediate station; the distance from Bristol to the Azores is 1300 miles, and from the Azores to New York 2400 miles, being 20 per cent. more than the steam limit he had mentioned. There was a point called Sidney, in Cape Breton, where there were coal mines, worked to a profit by Messrs. Rundell and Bridge-but then, that was 2300 miles; but if we took our final departure from some place upon the western coast of Ireland, and there charge the vessel with coals, the distance to Sydney would be only 1900 miles. The railroad system might be established in Ireland, which would be a benefit in more ways than one; London and all the southern section of the country would pour in their produce and population by the railway to Bristol.

Mr. Brunel then pointed out some errors in the calculation made by Dr. Lardner, which would be in favour of the undertaking: he was convinced nine or even ten miles an hour might be accomplished. This discussion, which created the greatest possible interest, closed this section, which has been completely filled during its sittings.

The Public Dinner, on Monday, at the Horticultural rooms, was attended by upwards of five hundred persons, the Rev. Dr. Lloyd, the Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, in the chair. Soon after seven the company adjourned to the Theatre, which was crowded in every part. At eight o'clock the president of the previous meeting at Dublin, Dr. Lloyd, commenced the business of the evening by addressing the assembled members; in the course of which he eulogized in glowing terms the Association and its purposes: "by the rapid interchange of scientific knowledge, and putting forth the giant powers of the mind, to combine with one simultaneous effort those engaged in kindred pursuits, thereby accelerating the progress of discovery and the advance of knowledge. The practical mechanic, as well as the philosopher (he subsequently observed), share alike in and aid our labours; and from this Association also does the statesman seek his materials wherewith to improve the social If I may use a figurative expression, it bears an analogy to a brilliant gem, which, though it may be dignified by its setting, yet its own native lustre is not impaired or improved by any thing extrinsic. Yet, nevertheless, permit me now to offer to you my congratulations on the splendid setting it is about to receive, and which is only fitting its inestimable value, in the countenance and support of the Marquis of Northampton, whom I now beg to introduce to you as the chairman."

The noble chairman then addressed the meeting; and, after expressing his sympathy with the melancholy event which deprived them of the presence of the Marquis of Lansdowne, panegyrized the Association and its effects in expressive language. "I trust (he said) that Bristol will follow the example of the other places which this Association has visited; and that, for this week at least, all sectarian feelings will die away, and the hideous forms of political and religious animosity will be banished: it is not by hating our fellow-citizens that we show either our patriotism or our religion. This happy consummation is one of the great moral advantages of the Association. There is another point to which I wish to advert: there have arrived to join us many distinguished persons from foreign parts; I am sure it is not necessary for me, in Bristol, whence Sebastian Cabot sailed, to urge upon you to welcome and cherish them. Shew to them that the time has at length arrived when Science and her sisters, Religion, Arts, and Literature-those four enchantresses, with their magic wand, have scared away the fiends of national enmity and strife; and that all nations are now united in furthering the common interest of our common species."

Dr. Daubeny, as one of the secretaries for the Bristol meeting, on whom the task devolved, next addressed the assembly, and gave an excellent resumé of the proceedings of the past year, and analysis of the volume of transactions, which has just been published. We are reluctantly compelled to confine ourselves to his concluding remarks:-"What proportion of such inquiries (i. e., those contained in the volume over which he had gone) may be attributable to the influence of this Association, and how much might have been merely the result of that increased taste for physical research to which the Association itself owes its existence, I do not pretend to deter mine; this, however, at least, must be allowed, that many of the most important truths communicated might have been long in winning their way to general recognition, and in ridding themselves of those exaggerated and mistaken views which are the common accompaniments of every infant discovery, had it not been for the opportunities which these meetings afford of examining the very authors of them, with respect to their own inquiries; of confrouting them with others who have prosecuted similar trains of research; of questioning them with respect to the more doubtful and difficult points involved; and of obtaining from them, in many instances, an exhibition of the very experiments by which they had been led to their conclusions. It is consolatory to reflect that Providence has attached to every one of the conditions of society through which nations are destined to pass, capabilities of moral and intellectual improvement; and that the very sciences which so amply minister to our physical enjoyments also afford the means of those higher gratifications which spring from the exercise of the taste and the imagination. Thus, although it may not be easy for the citizen to indulge to any extent in studies alien from the pursuits which engross his hours of business, yet it cannot be deemed