water. Heat the solution to 167° F., and stir it into the hot soap.

This soap is brilliant and comparatively cheap.

A substitute filling is now much used in making glycerine soap. Prepare a soap with 10 parts of cocoanut oil and 10 of hot caustic soda of 30° B., and keep for use. Dissolve 2400 parts of this ground soap in 7000 parts of clear salt water of 13° to 15° B., add 500 parts of potash of 96° B., and heat the whole to about 167° F.; then add 1150 parts of 95 per cent. alcohol and cover the boiler. The filling will become clear, the impurities, etc., settling on the bottom. It is kept in well-closed glass balloons. To 5000 parts of soap 30 to 50 per cent. and frequently more of this filling is used.

Iodide Soap is used for preparing iodide baths, and is considered a remedy for cutaneous diseases. It is prepared in the cold way in the following manner: Twenty pounds of cocoanut oil are saponified with 10 pounds of caustic lye of 40° B., and, when saponification is complete, a solution of 3 pounds of potassium iodide in 4 pounds of water is added.

Kummerfeldt's Soap for Frosted Limbs. Of cocoanut oil 1200 parts, flowers of sulphur 50 parts, camphor dissolved in alcohol 50 parts, sodalye of 40° B. 800 parts, potash-lye of 40° B. 100 parts.

Lemon Soap. Cocoanut oil 1000 parts, caustic soda-lye of 40° B. 500 parts, oils of lemon and bergamot each 4 parts. The soap is colored pale yellow.

Lily Soap. Wax soap 3000 parts, starch 300 parts, oils of bergamot 161 parts, geranium 6 parts, cassia 1 parts, of sandal-wood part, cedar oil, tinctures of musk and tonka bean each 3 parts, and tincture of storax 10 parts.

Mignonette Soap. Wax soap 2500 parts, starch 400 parts, mignonette 11 parts, genuine Turkish rose oil 11 parts, oil of geranium 5 parts, essence of iris 33 parts, oil of bitter almonds 2 parts, tincture of musk 5 parts, and tincture of storax 10 parts.

Musk Soap in the Cold Way. Cocoanut oil 2000 parts, caustic soda-lye of 40 B. 1000 parts, tincture of musk 10

parts, oil of bergamot 6 parts, oil of lemon 3 parts. Color the soap light brown.

Orange Soap. Good white tallow soap 600 parts, oils of neroli 1 part, bergamot part, orange parts, azalea 1 part, petit-grain 2 parts, lemon 1 part, geranium 2 parts, essence of Portugal 1 part, infusion of civet 2 parts, and infusion of musk 1 part.

Patchouli Soap. Good white tallow soap 1250 parts, oil of patchouli 124 parts, and oil of sandal-wood 2 parts.

Pumice Soap (Prime) in the Cold Way. Cocoanut oil 2000 parts and lye of 40° B. 1000 parts are saponified in the ordinary way. Five hundred parts of pumice-stone, finely pulverized, are then stirred in, the soap ladled into the frame and perfumed with oils of cassia 2 parts, bergamot 8 parts, cloves 1 part, lavender 1 part.

Rose Soap. Cocoanut oil 2000 parts, caustic soda-lye of 40° B. 1000 parts, oils of geranium and bergamot each 8 parts, rose oil part, tincture of musk 1 parts. Savon de Riz. Wax soap 2700 parts, starch 400 parts, oil of geranium 3 parts, essence of Portugal and oil of bergamot each 5 parts, essence of mirbane 33 parts, tincture of benzoin, colored white or red, & part, cinnabar 8 parts.

Savon Ess: Bouquet. Wax soap 2500 parts, iris powder 200 parts, starch 300 parts, oils of geranium 74 parts, bergamot 15 parts, cinnamon 12 parts, tincture of storax 9 parts, tincture of musk 3 parts, sugar color for coloring 12 parts.

Savon Orange. Good white tallow soap 3000 parts, scraps of cocoanut oil soap 750 parts, flour 250 parts, oils of neroli, orange, and petit-grain each 10 parts, bergamot 5 parts, essences of lemon 5 parts, geranium 10 parts, American Portugal 5 parts, infusion of civet 10 parts, and infusion of musk 5 parts.

Soap Crémes. The soft toilet soaps are mostly prepared from lard and caustic potash-lye of 30° B. Melt the lard over a water-bath, and stir in hot lye in a thin stream; then work the mass with a pestle to a pearl tint, which will be improved in appearance by using 3 parts of potash-lye and 1 part

Crême D'Amandes Amères. Lard 600 parts, caustic potash-lye of 38° B. 250 parts, and caustic soda-lye of 38° B. 50 parts. Perfume: oils of bitter almonds 3 parts and bergamot part.

Créme à la Rose. Lard 600 parts, caustic potash-lye of 38° B. 250 parts, and caustic soda-lye of 38° B. 50 parts. Perfume: oils of bergamot 3 parts and geranium 1 parts.

Besides soap crêmes transparent and white soft soaps are manufactured from lard, olive oil, tallow, etc. They are boiled with potash-lýe and used as toilette and shaving soaps.

Sulphur Soap. Cocoanut oil 1000 parts is saponified with 500 parts of caustic lye of 40° B. and 75 parts of flowers of sulphur stirred in.

Swiss Herb Soap. Melt together over a water-bath 500 parts each of best quality of cocoanut oil and tallow, add 150 parts of glycerine of 28° B., 200 parts of refined sugar dissolved in 225 parts of water; mix 375 parts of 96 per cent. alcohol with 550 parts of sodalye, and add to the solution, which is then heated as quickly as possible to 190° F. with constant stirring. It is then taken from the water-bath, and, under constant stirring, allowed to cool off to 1441° F. The soap is now colored with to part of uranium green previously dissolved in alcohol or boiling water, and perfumed with 24 parts each of oils of bergamot and peppermint, and 11 each of oils of aniseed and lavender. It is finally filtered through gauze into a frame of sheet-zinc, which is lightly covered.

Tannin Soap. Saponify 900 parts of cocoanut oil with 450 parts of sodalye of 40° B., and add 25 parts of tannin previously dissolved in alcohol. The soap is perfumed with Peruvian balsam 3 parts, oils of cassia and cloves each 1 part.

Tar Soap. I. Melt together 20 parts of cocoanut oil and 3 parts tar, and saponify in the ordinary manner with 25 parts caustic lye of 40° B. This soap is used for cutaneous diseases.

II. Scraps of cocoanut oil soap can

III. Cocoanut oil 350 parts, lye of 40° B. 180 parts, good wood tar stirred into the melted cocoanut oil 30 parts.

Vaseline Soap. Cocoanut oil 200 parts, vaseline 25 parts, lye of 40° B. 95 parts, and water 5 parts.

Violet (Prime). Cocoanut oil best quality 500 parts, soda-lye of 38° B. 240 parts, and potash-lye of 38° B. 10 parts. The soap is perfumed with 10 parts of orris root and 5 parts of liquid storax stirred into the fat; and oils of cassia, sassafras, and bergamot each

part, oil of lavender part, Peruvian balsam & part, oil of orange part, oil of rose, essence of musk part, and colored with part of brilliant brown previously dissolved in boiling water.

Violet Soap. I. Tallow 100 parts, cocoanut oil 140 parts, pulverized orris root 30 parts, pulverized orange peel 14 parts, and storax 2 parts. The storax is dissolved with constant stirring in 10 parts of the cocoanut oil over a moderate fire, poured through gauze, and added to the fat. Onethirtieth part of musk is then triturated with some lye and water, and the whole saponified with 120 parts of sodalye of 38 per cent., and perfumed with 13 parts of oil of bergamot, 2 parts of oil of lavender, 1 parts of Peruvian balsam, and part of oil of cassia, and colored with 1 part of cinnabar.

Violet Soap. II. Melt together 315 parts of cocoanut oil and 150 parts of crude palm oil, cool off to 108° F., pour through gauze and color with part of cinnabar. Then take 20 parts of pulverized orris root, 2 parts of pulverized orange peel, and 1 parts of pulverized benzoin, pass the whole through a fine sieve, and add it, with constant stirring, to the fat. When all the powder is dissolved, saponification is accomplished with 170 parts of soda-lye of 38° B., and the soap perfumed with oils of lavender and bergamot each part, oils of cassia and cloves each part, and tincture of musk part. The soap does not need coloring, as it is naturally of a beautiful brown.

White Alabaster Soap. Stearine

White Windsor Soap. Good white tallow soap 200 parts, oils of lavender part, cassia part, neroli part, essence of Portugal part, and oil of cinnamon part.

Shaving Soap in the Cold Way. Melt together 250 parts of tallow, 125 parts of cocoanut oil and 25 parts of lard, and allow the mixture to cool off to 115° F; then add 275 parts of caustic soda-lye of 30° B. and 75 parts of caustic potash-lye, and perfume the soap with 1 part of oil of lavender and part each of oils of thyme and cumin.

Soap for Washing Silk Goods. Melt in a suitable boiler 1500 parts of soap converted into fine shavings, a like quantity of beef-gall, 165 parts of honey, 150 parts of pulverized sugar, and 25 parts of Venetian turpentine, and pour the mass, while yet hot, into a mould previously lined with a cloth dipped in cold water. The soap will become hard in the course of 24 hours and ready for washing silk goods.

To Give a Gloss to the Surface of Toilet Soaps they are generally scraped, dipped into dilute lye, and, when dry, brushed. This rather tedious labor can, according to Depuis, be done by steam. The soap, before or after drying, is submitted to a current of steam, which may be perfumed before reaching the soap by passing through a cloth impregnated with the perfume. The action of the steam effects at once an alteration in the surface of the cakes or bars of soap, forming a salt of varying composition according to the fats used. By uniformly distributing this salt upon the surface of the soap with a moist linen cloth, all the pores and irregularities of surface are closed, and, when dry, forms a very glossy coating which is not injured even in the moulding

pressure in a closed apparatus. The fat is completely decomposed, and the glycerine obtained as a clear fluid. We may divide the process into 4 distinct operations: 1, treating the fat with concentrated sulphuric acid with development of sulphurous acid; 2, removing the tar-like substances; 3, decomposition with dilute sulphuric acid in a closed vessel under a pressure of 3 to 4 atmospheres; and, 4, treating the sebates in the cold and warm press.

1st Operation. The fats are heated in a vessel lined with lead to 250° to 300° F., fresh fats requiring a higher temperature than old stock. Sulphuric acid in the proportion of 1 to 1.5 parts to 100 parts of fat is then added with constant stirring, and the stirring continued until the temperature is reduced to 212° F. This operation prepares the fats for decomposition. The mass becomes black under development of sulphurous acid, by reason of which arrangements must be made for the protection of the workmen against the injurious effects of the acid. The fat, when the temperature is reduced to 212° F., is brought into another vessel.

To

2d Operation. To 100 parts of fat treated with concentrated sulphuric acid add 50 parts of hot water. The compound is thoroughly agitated and then allowed to settle, whereby the greatest part of the tar-like bodies is dissolved. The fat is then skimmed off and brought into another pan. every 100 parts of it 50 parts of water are added; it is boiled for a short time and then again allowed to settle for a few hours. If the sebacic acids are to be distilled, two washings are sufficient, but if the acids are to be worked up without distilling, it is best to wash a third time. The fat will then be entirely cleansed from all tar-like substances originated in the first operation.

3d Operation. The purified fat is brought into a vat lined with lead, and, according to the condition of the fat, 3 to 4 per cent. of concentrated sulphuric acid previously diluted with double its quantity of water is added. The vessel is then closed, and the fat boiled by introduction of steam under a pressure of 3 to 4 atmospheres for 4 to 5 hours, which completes the decomposition.

The glycerine sulphuric acid, by reason of the three washings in the second operation, is entirely clear and almost colorless; it is neutralized with lime and evaporated. One hundred parts of tallow yield by this process 7 parts of glycerine in no respect inferior to that obtained by lime-saponification. If the sebacic acids are to be distilled it suffices to treat them with boiling water, but if they are to be pressed undistilled they must be washed with boiling water to which 1 per cent. of sulphuric acid has been added. All that remains then is cold and warm pressing.

Balling's Method of Preparing Caustic Soda-lye. Dissolve by introducing steam 100 parts of calcined soda of 80 to 90 per cent. in 600 of clear water; then add 60 to 70 parts of burned lime which, on becoming slaked in the hot fluid, raises the temperature. Carbonate of calcium is formed which settles in a short time, and the clear lye is then drawn off. The carbonate of calcium is washed with water, this wash water being afterwards used in preparing the caustic soda-lye, giving a product of 15° to 16° B.; 100 parts of this lye will saponify 400 parts of tallow. The caustic lye thus obtained is at once, and without being concentrated by evaporation, used for boiling soap, It is one of the principal requisites that only fresh caustic lye should be used in boiling soap. The lye is first placed in the boiler and then the tallow. The latter melts, covering the surface of the lye and preventing the access of air to it, and the saponification of the fat is hastened by the quicker boiling of the lye.

By this process but very little underlye is obtained. This contains the foreign constituents of the soda, common salt, and Glauber's salt, on which the separation of the soap from the underlye depends. Salting is required only for potash soaps.

The soap is allowed to remain quietly in the boiler for hour to allow the under-lye to separate. It is then poured into the frame and when cold divided into bars.

The under-lve obtained is of a dark brown color and contains, besides common salt and Glauber's salt, some glycerine. When a considerable quantity

SOLDERING AND SOLDERS.

Soldering is the process of uniting the surfaces of metals by means of a more fusible metal which, being melted upon each surface, serves, partly by chemical attraction and partly by cohesive force, to bind them together. There is a great variety of solders, known by the names of hard, soft, spelter, silver, white, gold, copper, tin, plumbers', and many others. Nearly all the principal metals take part in the composition of solder, and most unmelted metals can be jointed by one or other of these solders. The metals to be united may be erther the same or dissimilar, but

the uniting metal must always have an affinity for both. In all soldering processes the following conditions must be observed: 1. The surfaces to be united must be bright, smooth, and free from oxide; 2. The contact of air must be excluded during the soldering, because it is apt to oxidize one or other of the surfaces, and thus to prevent the formation of an alloy at the points of union. The most frequently employed solder consists of tin and lead, and melts somewhere between 329° and 563° F., according to the proportions of the ingredients. A flux of borax, etc., is often needed to insure the adhesion of the solder to the two pieces of