low pure gelatine to swell up in water, then pour off the water and dissolve the remaining jelly over the water-bath. Allow the solution to cool somewhat, and then add the coloring matter previously dissolved in water. In place of pure gelatine a solutiɔn of ordinary bone glue may be used. Add to every 6 pounds of glue ounce of oxalic acid dissolved in water, which will clarify the solution. To make the foil more pliable add also pint of spirit of wine and ounce of rock candy, or a small quantity of glycerine. For coloring the solutions it is best to use the aniline colors soluble in water; for red, fuchsine; for blue, Bleu de Parme; for violet, Hofmann's violet; for green, aldehyde green; for yellow, picric acid, and for the various shades mixtures of the above colors. The gelatine solutions are poured upon ground-glass plates which have been previously cleansed with elutriated colcothar and rubbed with Spanish chalk. The foils become so smooth upon the glass side that they can be drawn off without much difficulty. In many respects their manufacture resembles that of "Imitation of Veneers," to which we refer the reader. Gelatine foils are used for printing sacred images, visiting cards, and labels, for fancy articles, and in the manufacture of artificial flowers. Sorel's Substitutes for Gutta-percha and Caoutchouc. I. Mix colophony 2 parts, pitch or asphaltum 2, rosin oil 8, calcium hydrate 6, water 3, alumina 10, and gutta-percha 12. Heat the colophony, pitch, and rosin oil in a boiler and stir until the resin and pitch are dissolved. Then stir the calcium hydrate into a thin paste with water, add it to the above mixture and heat the mass again, stirring constantly. When all are intimately mixed add the guttapercha cut in small pieces. Then continue heating and stirring until the gutta-percha is liquefied, and then add the alumina previously pulverized and mixed with water. As soon as this is equally distributed in the mixture, remove the excess of water and bring the whole to the boiling point. If any more water separates remove it, then knead the composition with fresh water, and finally pass it through rollers. To make the composition entirely waterproof, add 5 per cent. of stearic acid. II. Pitch 8 parts, rosin oil 4, calcium hydrate 6, and gutta-percha 16, III. Pitch 12 parts, calcium hydrate 6, gutta-percha 16. IV. Coal-tar 12 parts, calcium hydrate 6, gutta-percha 16. The above compositions are used for manufacturing water-proof articles, tubes, machine belts, water-proof boots and shoes, etc. If greater tenacity is to be imparted to the compositions add fibrous substances, as cotton, wool, hemp, etc. To Give to Various Articles the Lustre of Mother-of-pearl. Take solution of copal 2 parts, sandarac 2, solution of dammar 4, rosin 1, and absolute alcohol 1. Mix the ingredients with their volume of oils of bergamot or rosemary, and reduce it by distillation to the consistency of castor-oil. By applying this varnish with a feather or brush to the surface of water, a beautiful iridescent film will be formed, which is laid on the articles to be made iridescent. The vessel filled with water, upon which the film is produced, must be as large or larger than the article to be coated. Add to the water about 5 per cent. of pure glue solution, and keep it at a temperature of about 70° F. Substitute for Slate. Convert black slate into a fine powder, sift the powder and rub it with water upon a stone. When dry rub it again with the muller and then add to 8 parts of the slatepowder 1 part of lampblack, mix thoroughly with glue water, and boil the whole over a moderate fire. Then apply a thin and uniform layer of the composition to bristol-board or thick paper, let it dry, and repeat the process until the coat has the proper thickness; then pumice it and finally apply a coat of infusion of gall-nuts. Bertolio's Substitute for Meerschaum. Cut carbonate of magnesia in small pieces, place them for a few days in a hot solution of silicate of potash, and then dry them. Repeat this operation several times, using in place of silicate of potash, fresh, hot solution of waterglass, and finally expose the pieces to the air for a few months. Pieces treated in this way will become hard enough in 6 to 7 months to be worked, and are To Prepare Ratan to be used in the Manufacture of Corsets. Ratan is much used as a substitute for whalebone in the manufacture of corsets. To prevent the material from staining the corset when washed, boil the ribs before inserting them in a solution of 1 part of calcium chloride in 30 of water for hour, stirring constantly. Then add 1 part of alum, boil again with constant stirring for hour, and then wash and rewash them in water, and finally bleach them in the sun. a close imitation of the genuine meer-naments and Picture Frames. Boil 1 schaum. pounds of good glue into a thick solution, stir into it 10 ounces of rosin or, still better, Venetian turpentine. Mix finely-ground mineral color in a dry state with powdered French chalk to the color of the marble to be imitated, and stir enough of it into the above glue solution to make a stiff paste, and then add a few drops of pure olive oil. Press the mass in stone or gypsum moulds, or roll into thin plates. Cut the plates to the desired patterns, glue them on, and allow them to dry. The mass becomes hard as stone. Any porous places which may be found are filled in with the same composition diluted, and the whole is finally coated with natural or white polish. By wrapping the composition in a damp linen cloth, it can be kept for a long time. When it is to be used, place it in a pot heated by steam, when it will become again plastic. Imitations of marbles of 2 or more colors can be produced by mixing differently colored compositions together. Composition for Cane Heads. Gun and Pistol Stocks, etc. To 2 pounds of caoutchouc, previously soaked and kneaded, add 1 pound each of magnesia, coal-tar, and roll sulphur, and 8 ounces of flowers of sulphur. Press the mixture in moulds and heat to 250° to 285° F. Sören-Sörensen's Imitations of Leather are prepared from waste of caoutchouc and leather. The leather waste is freed from all foreign substances and then converted by machinery into a homogeneous fibrous material. By treating this with ammoniacal liquor a gelatinous compound is formed which, after pressing in moulds or rolled out in plates, gives a very hard and stiff product of considerable cohesiveness but without elasticity, and soluble in water. To make the material elastic and capable of resisting the action of water it is mixed with caoutchouc. The latter is washed, dried, then cut up in small pieces and dissolved in oil of turpentine or other suitable solvent. The leather treated with ammoniacal liquor and the solution of caoutchouc are mixed, the mixture made homogeneous by kneading, and the product pressed in moulds or rolled into plates. The proportions depend on the kind of material to be produced. Thus : For Soles. Twenty-five parts of solid caoutchouc, 67 of leather waste, and 67 of ammoniacal liquor. For Heels. Twenty-five parts of solid caoutchouc, 80 of leather waste, and 80 of ammoniacal liquor. For Insoles. Twenty-five parts of solid caoutchouc, 90 of leather waste, and 75 of ammoniacal liquor. Imitation of Marble for Plastic Or To Dye Hard-nut Shell Buttons. Sort the buttons, selecting the whitest for light fancy colors and the more yellowish and yellow ones for brown and black. Then cleanse the buttons thoroughly by washing with hot water, and mordant them with acetate of iron, copper, or lead, or aluminium. They are then dyed. Coal Black. Dissolve by boiling 10 pounds of extract of logwood in 25 gallons of water, place the buttons in the bath, and work them in it for hour at 190° F. Then take them out, place them in a bath of iron liquor, work them hour, expose to the air for 2 to 3 hours, then bring them in a bath consisting of 2 ounces of potassium chromate and 6 gallons of water, and finally rinse them thoroughly with water. Brown. Dissolve 5 pounds of prepared catechu in 2 gallons of water, and when the solution is clear, add to every gallon of it 6 gallons of water, heat the mixture in a boiler to 100° F., throw the buttons in, and heat the bath for hour to 190° F., stirring constantly. Then allow them to cool, work them for hour in a bath of 8 ounces of potassium chromate dissolved in 6 gallons of water, and finally rinse them thoroughly with water. Dark Brown. Add more or less of logwood liquor of 4° B. Gray and Fancy Colors. Boil 10 pounds of gall-nuts converted into a coarse powder or sumach, with 8 gallons of water, and pour 3 quarts of this infusion into the dye boiler and add 1 gallons of water. Heat the bath to 120° to 145° F., stir the buttons in it for hour, and then place them in a bath of iron liquor of 4° B. for 20 to 30 minutes. After taking them from the bath spread them out in the air. By treating the buttons with the different mordants mentioned above, and adding a little liquor of logwood, Brazil wood, fustic, or other liquors, all possible fancy colors can be produced. Olive Colors are produced by dyeing with a strong infusion of quercitron with a mordant of alum, then passing them through a strong iron mordant, and finally again through the dye bath. For producing shell colors, place 5 to 6 dozens of buttons flat upon a board and sprinkle them with spirit lacquer by means of a watering-pot. When the lacquer is dry, dye the buttons in the manner indicated above, but the temperature of the bath must not exceed 95° to 110° F., since at a higher temperature the lacquer would dissolve. When dyed, bring the buttons in a warm soda bath, which dissolves the lacquer, and the places formerly covered by it will appear white upon a colored ground. In this manner any design can be executed in all colors. For Coloring with Aniline Colors, place the buttons first in a mordant consisting of a solution of 1 ounce of tannin in 6 gallons of hot water, allow them to remain for hour, and then bring them into the aniline dye-bath, heated to 120° to 145° F. Blue. Use aniline blue soluble in Scarlet. Fuchsine or, better, saffronine after the buttons have been dyed pale yellow with fustic and tin mordant. Green. Use methyl or malachite green, with an addition of fustic liquor or picric acid if more or less yellowish-green colors are to be produced. The buttons dyed with aniline colors need not be rinsed with water. They are then thor oughly dried in a warm place, and finally polished in a drum with chalk and bore chips. INDIGO, INDIGOTINE, and Aliza RINE. Crystallized Indigo. In preparing this the oxidation of sugar is made use of in the following manner: Place in a suitable small flask, with a well-ground stopper, ounce of finely-pulverized indigo, 14 ounces of a strongly concentrated solution of caustic soda in spirit of wine; then fill the flask with boiling spirit of wine 0.880 specific gravity, previously saturated with glucose or honey. Shake the mixture thoroughly and let it rest. Then draw off the supernatant clear fluid with a siphon into an open glass vessel and expose it to the action of atmospheric air. The change of color which takes place is remarkable and interesting. A precipitate of pure indigo is formed which is at first red, then becomes violet, and finally is transformed into blue. This, after filtering and washing with spirit of wine and hot water, is dried, and yields about of 1 per cent. of crystallized indigo blue. By this process the foreign substances remain either undissolved, or, if dissolved, remain in solution while the indigo is precipitated. Indigo-carmine. Place in a porcelain or earthen pot 1 part of best indigo, finely pulverized, and 1 part each of fuming and ordinary sulphuric acid, and stir constantly to avoid too strong heating. Then cover the vessel and let it stand for 24 hours. When all the indigo has been dissolved, which may be recognized by a drop taken from the pot and thrown into a glassful of water, coloring the latter blue without forming a precipitate, pour the solution into water, dilute it to 18° B., filter and precipitate the indigo-carmine with carbonate of potash or soda; collect the precipitate upon a filter of wool or felt and let it drain off. Pure blue-carmine is soluble in pure water, but not in water containing salt. Acetate of Indigo. Dissolve 1 pound of indigo in sulphuric acid, mix the solution with gallon of water, then add a solution of 7 pounds of sugar of lead, stir thoroughly, add pound of | all parts are subjected to an equal temquicklime slaked in 1 quart of water, perature, which would not be the case filter when cold, and wash. The addi- if steam was only conducted into the tion of lime removes the free sulphuric cylinder containing the garancine. acid from the mixture, which is too strong for many fabrics, especially fine cotton goods. Indigo-violet. Indigo gives a beautiful pure violet color by mixing 1 part of pure indigo with 5 of sulphuric acid and heating the mixture from 88° to 100° F. Dilute the resulting fluid with 10 parts of water, and by filtering it the violet-indigo will remain upon the filter. By washing this with a concentrated solution of carbonate of soda a durable and beautiful violet color is obtained, while a dirty, greenish fluid runs off. The steam passes from the boiler through a cast-iron pipe placed in a furnace, and before coming in contact with the garancine is conducted through a globular reservoir divided into 2 parts by a perforated division and provided with a thermometer. On the steam. pipe are placed cocks, by means of which the progress of the operation i regulated and, what sometimes may be. come necessary, the steam conducted directly to the product. Some alizarine is carried away with the condensed water, which can be used in dyeing. Indigo-carmine in the Form of Extract. Pour 4 parts of concentrated sulphuric acid over 1 of the best dry indigo finely pulverized, stirring constantly; let the mixture stand for 24 hours, dilute with water, and filter through a flannel cloth. Precipitate the blue fluid with 4 parts of common salt and collect the precipitate. Kopp's Process of Gaining Indigotine and Alizarine. By treating madder with sulphuric acid garancine is produced. This is used for the production of alizarine. It need not be as carefully washed as when used for dyeing. The garancine is placed in a metal cylinder surrounded by another cylinder into which superheated steam is conducted, while ordinary steam is passed through the garancine. By these means By this process the alizarine is not gained in prisms but in grains. Indigo, when heated, volatilizes in purple vapors condensing in prisms having a deep blue color with a purple lustre. This is the indigotine. Indigotine can also be obtained synthetically by heating the syrupy modification of methyl nitro-phenyl ketone until it is converted into a solid mass, which, when carefully heated with soda lime and zinc dust, yields a small quantity of indigotine. The Apparatus. Fig. 27 represents Kopp's apparatus for preparing indigotine and alizarine. a is the steamboiler, b the steam-pipe, c the furnace for superheating the steam, which passes into the furnace from the pipe b through the pipe d, and passes out through the pipe e. ghare cocks for regulating the of the alizarine condenses in the first. When distillation is finished the alizarine is collected upon a filter. The property of alizarine to form insoluble colored metallic compounds is made use of in dyeing aud printing. To produce madder colors on calico the desired pattern is printed on the cloth as mordant. For pinks and reds a solution of aluminium acetate which is thickened with gum or starch is used, and for purples and blacks, ferrous acetate (iron liquor) is employed, while a mixture of the 2 salts produces brown or chocolate colors. The mordanted cloth is next hung up in a warm, airy room, whereby the acetic acid is ex current of steam. When the cock g is closed and the cock h open, the steam passes from the boiler into the superheating apparatus and acquires there a temperature of 570° to 660° F., but, when the cock g is open and h closed, passes directly to the chambers m, and finally, when both cocks are half open, half of the steam is superheated while the other half remains in the ordinary condition, and both enter the chamber m, where they mix. The globular castiron chamber m is divided into 2 parts by a perforated division indicated in the illustration. The object of this is to mix the superheated and ordinary steam. In one of the partitions of the chamber is placed a thermometer, i, which indi-pelled and the oxides are fixed in the cates the temperature of the mixed fibre. The cloth is now brought into steam. The pipes must be all covered the dye-bath, consisting of boiling water with non-conductors. The copper cyl- and old ground madder root; the aliinder f contains the dry garancine in zarine is gradually dissolved and abpieces as large as a nut, and is placed sorbed by the oxides. between 2 partitions. It communicates Artificial Alizarine is chiefly used for with the chamber m by a pipe provided "topical" printing; for this purpose it with the cock k. n is a cylinder sur- is printed together with the mordant on rounding the cylinder ƒ and connected the cloth, which is then steamed or with the chamber m by a pipe provided heated to 212° F.; the alizarine dissolves with the cock 7, through which the in the free acetic acid, which soon volasteam is introduced into the cylinder f.tilizes, while the alizarine combines with The excess of steam is conveyed into the open air through a pipe provided with the cock n. Ris the cooling apparatus into which pass the products of distillation through the pipe p, which communicates with the cylinder f. The Operation. After the furnace for superheating the steam has acquired a temperature of 660° F., and the cylinder f has been filled with garancine, superheated steam, the temperature of which is gradually raised to 356° F., is allowed to circulate in the cylinder n. The cylinder f and the garancine soon acquire both a uniform temperature, when by opening the cock k the superheated steam is admitted to this cylinder. The temperature of the steam is then raised to 392° F., next to 445° F., and finally to 465° F. The sublimation and distillation of the alizarine commences at 390° F. It volatilizes in orange-yellow vapors condensing to a powder of the same color. The cooling apparatus may be divided in 2 parts, 1 of which is kept at a temperature of nearly 212° F., while the other is entirely cooled off. The greatest part the oxides. The colors thus produced are more brilliant than those obtained by dyeing with madder. As artificial alizarine is now brought into commerce in a pure state, and in a paste of 10 per cent. concentration, we give in the following a few receipts for printing colors based upon a 10 per cent. paste of alizarine, which have been tested and given excellent results: Dark Red. Alizarine 5 pounds, inspissation (see below) 17 pounds, aluminium acetate of 10° B. 1 pound, calcium acetate of 16° B. 83 ounces. Rose Color is obtained by brightening the above with the inspissation for red. Articles, the first print on which is dark red, must, before smoothing, be steamed for 1 hour. After over printing they are again steamed for 1 hour, hung up for 24 hours, and then drawn for 1 to 14 minutes through one of the following baths: Water 220 gallons, chalk 66 pounds, tin salt 3 pounds. Or, water 264 gallons, chalk 44 pounds, and sodium arseniate 11 pounds. The bath should have a temperature of 120° to 145° F. The pieces are then washed |