d. White Lead Ointment consists of lard, mutton suet, white lead, and camphor. e. Lead Cerate. Mix 6 parts of wax with 24 of olive oil to which have been added 3 parts of lead vinegar and 6 of distilled water. Mercury Ointment. Take 12 parts of mercury, 11 of lard, and of suet. Rub the mercury with the suet and a little lard until no more globules of mercury can be detected; then add and x with it the remaining lard. The ointment is used in all cases where an application of mercury is admissible. Opium Ointment is used as a soothing dressing. It is prepared by mixing 1 part of pulverized opium and 24 of lard. Pitch Ointment is used as a stimulating application, promoting suppuration. Melt together equal parts of black pitch, wax, and rosin, and press through a linen cloth. Savin Ointment is used for keeping open blisters and issues (fontanels). Spermaceti Ointment is applied as a cooling dressing. It is prepared by melting together 5 parts of spermaceti, 1 of white wax, and 14 of olive oil, constantly stirred until it is cold. Sulphur Ointment is used for the cure of itch. Rub the affected parts with it in the morning and evening. It is prepared by mixing part of sulphur with 1 of lard. Sulphur Ointment (Compound) is also used for itch and other cutaneous diseases. Apply twice a day, morning and evening, by rubbing thoroughly into the affected parts. It is prepared by mixing together 4 parts of sulphur, 1 of pulverized white hellebore, of saltpetre, 4 of soft soap, and 12 of lard. Tar Ointment is also used for the cure of itch, scab, etc. Melt 1 part of tar and 1 of lard, and press through a linen cloth. Tartar Emetic Ointment is used for producing eruptions on the skin and as a counter-irritant. It is prepared by mixing 1 part of pulverized tartar emetic with 4 of lard. Zinc Ointment is used for inflamed eyelids, sore nipples, and also for ringworm, etc. It is prepared by intimately mixing 1 part of oxide of zinc with 6 of lard. Ammonia Liniment is used as a stimulating application on ulcers and contusions, and can be made painless by adding a little extract of belladonna. It is prepared by shaking 1 part of aqua ammonia with 2 of olive oil until they are emulsionized. Camphor Liniment, used as a stimulating application in sprains, contusions, or rheumatism, is prepared by rubbing 1 part of camphor in 4 of olive oil until the first is dissolved, then adding 3 parts of aqua ammonia, and thoroughly shaking the mixture. Compound Camphor Liniment is more active than the simple liniment. Dissolve 2 parts of camphor in 17 parts of rectified spirit of wine, add part of oil of lavender and 3 of aqua ammonia, and shake until they are intimately mixed. In case the pain is very severe, part of its volume of tincture of opium may be added. Lime Liniment is often used for alleviating pain caused by burns and scalds. Mix 10 parts of lime-water with 10 of olive oil. Opium Liniment is used as an external means of soothing when opium cannot be administered internally. It is frequently mixed with the compound camphor liniment. Mix 2 parts of tincture of opium with 6 of soap liniment. Soap Liniment is used for the same purposes as compound camphor liniment but is not as active. Take 2 parts of soap, of camphor, 18 of spirit of rosemary, and 2 of distilled water. Mix the water and the spirit, then add the soap and camphor, and macerate until the solution is complete. Mix 2 Turpentine Liniment, a stimulating application used for burns. parts of soft soap, 1 of camphor, and 6 of oil of turpentine. Verdigris Liniment acts as a stimulant on indolent venereal and other ulcers. Dissolve 1 part of pulverized verdigris in 7 parts of vinegar, and strain through linen; add 14 parts of honey, and evaporate the mixture to the requisite consistency. Betton's Celebrated Cattle Liniment (Critical Oil). Mix 1 part of oil of rosemary, 8 of tar, and 16 of oil of turpentine. Turkish Balsam for Fresh Wounds. Pulverize and mix 2 ounces of ben- | zoin, 1 ounces of tolu balsam, 1 ounce of storax, a like quantity of frankincense and myrrh, and 1 ounces of aloes. Pour 1 pint of rectified spirit of wine over the mixture and let it digest for 3 days at a moderate heat, and then quietly settle for 6 days, when the fluid is filtered off and kept in well-closed glass bottles. To Soften Hard Water. Pulverize 2 parts of calcined soda, 1 of bicarbonate of soda, and mix them with 2 parts of a solution of silicate of soda. Let the mixture stand for 24 hours, during which time it becomes generally so hard that it can be rubbed into a powder. One to 14 pounds of the mixture will, as a general rule, suffice for 25 gallons of hot water, which can then at once be used for washing, etc. Butter thus treated is, when cold, inodorous and has an agreeable taste. The charcoal absorbs the badly-smelling gases, the chalk neutralizes the acid which may be present, the honey improves the taste, and the carrots impart a yellow color to the butter. When the butter is cold take it from the vessel and cut off the sediment on the bottom, sprinkle with fresh water and keep it in a cool place. It is recommended to place the vessel containing the butter in another filled with fresh water, or, what is still better, in a trough through which runs a current of fresh water. To Purify Rancid Fut. Heat to the boiling point 10 pounds of the fat to be purified, 1 gallon of water, and 1 ounce of sulphuric acid; let the mixture boil for hour and then remove it from the fire. Now add 44 ounces of pulverized chalk and let the mixture cool. The purified fat separates from the gypsum water and the sulphate of lime (gypsum) which has been formed, and can be again used. Dougal's Powder for Purifying the Air in Stables is much used in England. It keeps the stables wholesome by preventing the putrefaction of excrement and urine. It is prepared by treating magnesian lime with sulphuric acid and adding 5 per cent. of carbolic acid. The powder obtained in this way is scattered upon the manure and in the stalls. 10 Keep Tallow and Lard from becoming Rancid. The tallow or lard is first treated with carbonate of soda in the proportion of 2 pounds of soda to every 1000 pounds of lard, and is then subjected to a digestion with alum in the following manner: Ten pounds of alum are dissolved in 500 pounds of water and 1 pound of slaked lime added to the solution, which is then boiled. This solution is stirred well with 1000 pounds of lard, at a temperature of 150° to 195° F., for about hour. The liquor is then separated from the lard and the lard treated with the same amount of pure water. This lard will keep for an The Removal of Foul Air from Wells is exceedingly long time. This treatment easily accomplished by fastening a line has also the advantage of restoring the to the handle of an umbrella and loworiginal flavor and of producing a lardering it open, handle upwards, into the of greater whiteness. well and quickly drawing it up again. By repeating this several times the foul air will be removed. Rancid Butter may be purified by melting it and removing any deposit; then boiling it with lime-water and allowing it to settle; and finally, treating the liquor thus clarified by suddenly cooling. How to Keep Ice without an Icehouse. Select a dry, shady spot. Dig a ditch for carrying off the waste water and over it place a lath-work. Upon this Another Process of Purifying Rancid lay a thick layer of moss, pine leaves, Butter is as follows: Melt the butter or sawdust. Now pile upon this the over a moderate fire and add to every cakes of ice, the larger the better and 10 pounds of butter 5 ounces of fresh, cut or sawed square, in such a manner pulverized wood charcoal, ounce of as to leave as few spaces as possible, pulverized chalk, 1 table-spoonful of filling up those which may occur with honey, and a few carrots cut up in fine sawdust, in order to prevent the air pieces. Keep this mixture in a melted from penetrating into the interior of the state for hour, constantly stirring it pile. It is best to build the stack in and removing the scum. Then pour the form of a pyramid. When comthe liquid butter through a fine strainer.pleted it is covered with straw, moss, leaves, etc., as thick and close as possi- | ble, a layer of earth being thrown upon it to secure the covering and as further protection of the ice. How to Keep Fruits in Icehouses. Lay the fruits upon cotton in tin boxes without any packing about them, shut down the lid and set them upon the ice, not buried in it. After the fruits have been long on the ice they should not be brought out long before they are used, as they do not keep long afterward without showing specks. This process is of course only intended for tender fruits, as peaches, nectarines, etc. Peaches have been kept in this way more than a month after they were dead ripe, and nectarines nearly 2 months. Tender-fleshed melons, which will not keep a week in the fruit room in summer, will keep a month in an icehouse. Substitute for Coffee. A substance resembling coffee in appearance and taste can be made by separating the seeds from the pulp of persimmons, cleansing them, and afterward roasting and grinding them in the same manner as coffee. To Preserve Canvas, Cordage, etc. Dissolve 1 pound of sulphate of zinc in 40 gallons of water and then add 1 pound of sal-soda. After these ingredients are dissolved add 2 ounces of tartaric acid. The canvas, etc., should be soaked in this solution for 24 hours and then dried without wringing. Stove-polishing Compound. Mix 2 parts of copperas, 1 of boneblack, 1 of black lead with sufficient water to form a creamy paste. This will produce a very enduring polish on a stove or other iron article, and after 2 applications it will not require polishing again for a long time, as the copperas will produce a jet-black enamel and cause the black lead to permanently adhere to the iron. Wiggin's Process of Purifying Lard and Tallow. Heat the melted fat with some sulphuric acid of 1.3 to 1.45 specific gravity, when the fat will separate itself in a pure condition from the impurities and membranous substances. Manure Salt from Urine. By compounding urine with hydrochlorate of magnesia a precipitate of phosphate of ammonia and magnesia is formed in a few days, which increases considerably in 4 weeks, when it is separated from the fluid and dried. In this way 7 per cent. of manure salt is obtained. Solution of Guano for Flowers. Dissolve 1 pound of Peruvian guano in 5 gallons of rain water and wet the plants with it twice a week. Substitute for Guano. Mix 350 parts of bone-dust, 97 of sulphate of ammonia, 19 of pearl ash (or 78 of wood ash), 78 of rock or common salt, 19 of dry sulphate of soda, and 40 of crude sulphate of magnesia. Manure from Coal Ashes. Place 1 part of fresh unslaked lime in the centre of a heap of 100 parts of coal ashes and let it remain until it is entirely slaked. After 12 hours work the heap through thoroughly and then store it in a dry place for future use. Manure for Turnips, Rutabagas, etc. Mix 100 parts of common salt with 300 of lime and let the mixture lie for a few months. When sowing the seed strew the mixture into the furrows. Stockhard's Manure Mixture for Vegetable Gardens. Mix 300 parts of peat waste, 30 of burned lime, 30 of pulverized brick, 30 of wood ashes, 2 of common salt, 36 of horn shavings, and 45 of leaves. The above mixture suffices for 250 square yards and produces excellent results. Manure Powder from Blood. Pulverize 20 parts of plaster of Paris and 12 of calcined sulphate of soda and mix them in 100 parts of blood in a large boiler, and add 5 parts of sulphuric acid at 60° Beaumé in small portions. The product will be a spongy mass which is dried and ground to powder. Manure from Waste Animal Substances. Chop 100 parts of solid animal substance and treat with 18 parts of a solution made of 1 part sulphuric acid at 66° Beaumé and 2 of water, and grind the mixture for an hour, and after standing 6 hours treat it with 8 per cent. of pulverized quicklime. Sulphate of lime is thus formed in which the animal matter remains inclosed. After standing for 6 hours the whole is moulded into brick-shaped masses, which are drained in the perforated moulds in which they are prepared and then dried and pulverized. Liquid and semi-liquid masses like brains or blood are treated with 9 per cent. of sulphuric acid at 66° Beaumé | Torches. Mix 3 parts of alumina, 1 of and 12 per cent. of quicklime, the rest of the process being the same. ILLUMINATING MATERIALS. Incombustible Wicks. Alumina, kaolin, quartz, or combinations of calcium, magnesium, or aluminium are ground fine and intimately mixed with dragon's blood and colophony or other resins in connection with saltpetre, permanganate of potash, or other combinations rich in oxygen. The mixture is then compounded with water until the mass is plastic and capable of being kneaded. From this composition, which should be as homogeneous as possible, the wicks are formed, then dried in the air, and gradually exposed to a moderate red heat for 1 or 2 hours. The wicks may also be intermingled with fibres of asbestos, or surrounded with a tissue of the same material. In the latter case it is not necessary to expose the wicks to a red heat, as this is done in using them. bauxite, 4 of sawdust, and 4 of wheat chaff with water into a stiff dough, and mould into any desired shape. Surround this core with a jacket made of 3 parts of alumina, 1 of bauxite, 2 of sawdust, and 2 of wheat chaff, and provided with draught holes. A small saucer of fat clay impervious to petroleum is placed around the foot of the torch to catch any falling drops of petroleum, with which the torch is saturated before being ignited. A small cylinder of the same kind of clay and lined with sheet iron is inserted in the centre of the torch for the reception of the handle. When entirely dry, the torch is subjected to a red heat for 16 hours, whereby the sawdust and wheat chaff are completely consumed, leaving the mass full of pores and adapted for a greedy absorption of oil. When the torch is entirely dry, and is to be used, it is soaked, as stated, in petroleum and ignited. It will last for an indefinite time. Gas from Cork. Illumination by gas prepared from waste of cork has been successfully tried in the Theatre National de l'Opera in Paris. The waste is heated in retorts, and the product of distillation purified by being conducted through a water reservoir. The gas possesses great illuminating power, and is free from sulphuretted hydrogen and other objectionable admixtures. Naphtha Ether. A new Illuminating Material. By mixing benzole with alcohol or wood spirit, a body is formed which burns without forming soot. Metallic Wicks are prepared by adding 1 or more threads of zinc wire to the ordinary wick of silk, cotton, linen, or asbestos. The purpose of this is to increase the vigor and intensity of the flame without a larger consumption of fuel, or to obtain equal light with a considerable saving of fuel. It has been known for many years that zinc, when heated, is consumed with a brilliant white flame, but this is the first time, to our knowledge, that this property of zinc has been used for this purpose. Suppose a wick has an illuminating Air-tight and Flexible Tissue for Dry power of 1, and one or more threads of Gas Meters. Any kind of tissue is zinc wire, which are brought to a red brushed over with a fluid prepared in the heat, have been added, they are con- following manner: A solution obtained sumed at the same time with the wick, by boiling 500 parts of gelatine, 750 of increasing the illuminating power by 2, glycerine, and 1500 of water is com3, etc.; it is therefore self-evident that pounded with 40 parts of bichromate with the same expense of wick and fuel of potash and 4 of an alcoholic solution an increase in illuminating power must of salicylic acid, and the whole stored be the result. In fact, experiments we in a dark room until it is to be used. have made have shown that with 7 cot- After the tissue has been painted with ton and 1 zine thread an illumination the fluid so that all pores are closed, it equal to that from 20 cotton threads is exposed to the light until it has bewas obtained. Wicks for all kinds of come entirely white. Samples of such candles and lamps may be prepared in material have been entirely indifferent this manner. to the action of sulphide of hydrogen, Material for Preparing Incombustible | bisulphide of carbon, glycerine, alcohol, ammonia, creosote, etc., for more than a year, and have lost nothing in elasticity. To Detect a Leak in a Gas Pipe it is recommended to bring a little soap water upon the suspected place; the formation of soap bubbles will show where and how large the leak is. Improvement in Dry Meters. The diaphragms used in dry gas meters are usually made of leather, but these are acted upon by the gas in course of time and do not register correctly. To remedy this, diaphragms made from parchment paper are substituted for the leather. The parchment paper is. obtained by treating cotton or linen paper with equal parts of sulphuric acid and water for a few minutes, washing thoroughly with water, and then saturating with equal parts of glycerine, acetate of potassium, and water. Apparatus for Manufacturing Illuminating Gas from Ligroin and Air by the Cold Method. The ligroin is introduced through the tube Z (Fig. 26), and gets under the sieve c through the valve o provided with the float r, by passing the plates f, which are covered with porous substances. When the ligroin has reached a corresponding high level it lifts the float r, whereby the valve o is closed and the supply stopped. The air enters through the tube m provided with the valve a, gets under the bell C, and lifts the latter up until it has reached the highest admissible point. When this is the case the valve x is closed by the self-acting hinge-joint arrangement S, and the supply of air shut off. As both the valves o and x are automatic, the apparatus works with great regularity. The air introduced reaches the ligroin through the tube k, passes over the plates f, where it is carburetted and passes out through the tube g. The machine may, if necessary, be connected with a heating apparatus. Purification of Illuminating Gas. The process of freeing gas from ammonia by the dry method consists in conducting the gas through a porous mixture of sulphate of lime and phosphate of lime with or without a percentage of phosphate of iron. The substance is produced by treating superhosphate with aqua ammonia and rying the mixture. |