Ne quid infamandi causa fiat. Si quis adversus ea fecerit prout quaeque res erit animadvertam.

FORMULA.

D. 47. 10. 15. 25.

U. 57.

Judex esto. Quod Numerius Negidius sillum' immisit Aulo Agerio infamandi causa, quanti paret ob eam rem Numerium Negidium Aulo Agerio condemnari oportere, dumtaxat sestertium x milia, tantam pecuniam judex Numerium Negidium Aulo Agerio condemna. Si non paret absolve.

Paulus in Lege Dei. 2. 6. 5.

Qui servum alienum adversus bonos mores verberavisse, deve eo injussu domini quaestionem habuisse dicetur, in eum judicium dabo.

Item si quid aliud factum esse dicetur, causa cognita judicium dabo.

Si ei qui in alterius potestate erit, injuria facta esse dicetur, et neque is cujus in potestate est praesens erit, neque procurator quisquam existet, qui eo nomine agat, causa cognita ipsi qui injuriam accepisse dicetur judicium dabo.

runtur convicium appellatur, quasi convocium." D. 47. 10. 15. 4. Hence convicium means either abusive language addressed to a man publicly, or the act of inciting a crowd to beset a man's house or to mob the man himself.

1 Sillum. "Tipov amarulentus librum maledicentissimum conscripsit qui oλos inscribitur." A. Gell. Noct. Att. III. 17.

Possibly we have the same word in Cic. ad Att. 16. 1, for where Olivetus and Orelli read "sine vallo Luciliano," it has been suggested that "sine sillo Luciliano" is the proper text.

PARS TERTIA.

I.

DE REBUS JUDICATIS, ET DE CONFESSIS ET INDEFENSIS.

DE RE JUDICATA ET DE EFFECTU SENTENTIARUM ET DE

INTERLOCUTIONIBUS.

Si quis ab eo cujus de ea re jurisdictio est condemnatus sit ut pecuniam solvat, in eum, nisi solvat intra diem constitutum, in duplum judicati actionem dabo'.

D. 42. I. 4. 3: 42. I. 5: 42. I. 7.

U. 58.

(J. 45.)

1 We have no precise information as to the time allowed in Julian's day to the defendant for payment, before the actio judicati was granted against him. Gaius in Comm. III. 79 speaks of a different matter, viz. the time during which goods taken in accordance with a judge's order were held over before proceeding to a sale. See § IV. below. We know, however, that the period of grace allowed between judgment and action upon the judgment was fixed at two months in the code of Theodosius (4. 19), and lengthened by Justinian to four months. C. 7. 54.

The actio judicati was only in duplum when the defendant denied his liability; in other cases it was in simplum. Gai. Comm. IV. 171; Paul. Sent. I. 19. 1; Cic. pro Flacc. 21.

If the judgment in the actio judicati went against the defendant, his moveables were first distrained, and sold after an interval of thirty days; then followed distraint and sale of his lands; lastly, distraint and sale of his jura incorporalia. D. 42. I. 15. 2 et

seqq.

If he had no goods, or his goods were insufficient, he was committed to prison until he or his friends made satisfaction to the plaintiff; but the latter had to allow his friends to provide him with food and clothing, victum et stratum.

D. 42. I. 34.

IV. QUIBUS EX CAUSIS IN POSSESSIONEM EATUR.

(G. 23. P. 57, 58. U. 59, 60, 61.)

1 "Confessus pro judicato est, quia quodammodo sua sententia damnatur." Paul. in D. 42. 2. I.

The admission of the debt must be made in court and the presence of the creditor or his agent. D. 42. 2. 6. 3.

2 Cessio bonorum was a voluntary assignment of his goods by a debtor for the benefit of his creditors. He must be "sine dolo obaeratus." The goods were sold, but the assignor was exempt from the disgrace of bankruptcy, and could not be imprisoned. If he acquired further property afterwards, this also was liable to seizure and sale, but subject to the beneficium competentiae. D. 42. 3. 4. I: 42. 3. 6: 42. 3. 7.

3 When a defendant or debtor absconded, and his case was left undefended, the Praetor granted to the plaintiff or creditor possession of his goods. It is obvious therefore that the topic of possessio bonorum in the case of a defendant is placed pertinently at this point of the Edict; and the Praetor, since the process was the same in all other possessiones, discusses the whole at once. Some of the varieties are described in the two classical passages below.

"Bona autem veneunt aut vivorum aut mortuorum. Vivorum, velut eorum qui fraudationis causa latitant, nec absentes defenduntur ; item eorum qui ex lege Julia bonis cedunt; item judicatorum post tempus, quod eis partim lege XII. tabularum, partim edicto Praetoris ad expediendam pecuniam tribuitur. Mortuorum bona veneunt velut eorum, quibus certum est neque heredes neque bonorum possessores neque ullum alium justum successorem existere." Gai. Comm. III. 78.

"Recita edictum: qui fraudationis causa latitat; cui heres non exstabit; qui exilii causa solum verterit; qui absens judicio defensus non fuerit." Cic. pro Quinct. 19.

100

De rebus Judicatis, et Confessis, et Indefensis.

(a) IN POSSESSIONEM BONORUM VIVORUM.

Qui fraudationis causa latitaverit, si boni viri arbitratu non defendetur, ejus bona possideri vendique jubebo.

D. 42. 4. 7. I. Cic. pro Quinct. 19.

U. 59.

Qui absens judicio defensus non fuerit, si boni viri arbitratu non defendetur, ejus bona possideri vendique jubebo.

Cic. pro Quinct. 19.

Et ejus, cujus bona possessa sunt a creditoribus, veneant, praeterquam pupilli et ejus qui reipublicae causa sine dolo malo abfuerit.

Si is pupillus in suam tutelam venerit, eave pupilla viripotens fuerit, et recte defendetur, eos qui bona possident de possessione decedere jubebo.

(B) IN POSSESSIONEM BONORUM MORTUORUM.

Si cui heres non exstabit ejus bona possideri vendique jubebo. Cic. pro Quinct. 19.

Si tempus ad deliberandum petet, dabo'.

D. 28. 8. I. I. U. 60.

Si pupilli pupillae nomine postulabitur tempus ad deliber

Other possessiones were acknowledged by the law; and the whole may be classified thus: (1) judicio sistendi causa (vide § v. Partis Primae), (2) rei vel debiti servandi gratia: (3) legatorum vel fideicommissorum servandorum gratia: (4) ventris nomine. The first-named was merely custodiae causa: the second was custodiae causa for a while, but if no appearance was made or no defensor appeared within a reasonable time, it became vendendi causa: the third and fourth were purely custodiae causa. As to the fourth vide §§ LIII. LXX. Partis Secundae. The third was granted when the payment of a legacy was future or contingent, and the heir was unable to give security for its discharge. exigit Praetor ut per heredem stet quominus caveat, sed contentus fuit per legatarium vel fideicommissarium non stare quominus ei caveatur. Quare si non fuerit qui interpelletur cautionis nomine, hoc est is a quo legatum fideive commissum relictum est, omnimodo poterit in possessionem ex hoc edicto mitti." D. 36. 4. 1. I. 1 Gai. Comm. II. 167.

"Non

andum an expediat eum hereditatem retinere, et hoc datum erit, si justa causa esse videbitur bona interea deminui, nisi causa cognita boni viri arbitratu, vetabo'.

Sui et necessarii si abstinere se velint ab hereditate, ut potius parentis bona veneant, copiam iis faciam.

Gai. Comm. II. 158.

Si per eum eamve factum erit, quo quid ex ea hereditate amoveretur, abstinendi beneficium non dabo.

(y) IN POSSESSIONEM BONORUM CAPITE DEMINUTORUM2. Qui exilii causa solum verterit, si boni viri arbitratu non defendetur, ejus bona possideri vendique jubebo.

V. DE REBUS

D. 42. 5.

Cic. pro Quinct. 19.

AUCTORITATE JUDICIS POSSIDENDIS SEU VEN-
DENDIS3.

(G. 23, 24. P. 59, 60. U. 60-64.)

1 "Si non expedierit pupillo hereditatem parentis retinere, Praetor bona defuncti venire permittit, ut quod superaverit pupillo restituatur." Paul. in D. 42. 5. 6. pr.

2 See Gai. Comm. III. 84; IV. 80, on the subject of capitis deminutio minima. The excerpt above deals with capitis deminutio media. As to capitis deminutio maxima we have the following rule of Paulus: "si libertate adempta capitis deminutio subsecuta sit, nulli restitutioni adversus servum locus est; quia nec praetoria jurisdictione ita servus obligatur, ut cum eo actio sit. Sed utilis actio adversus dominum danda est, ut Julianus scribit, et nisi in solidum defendatur, permittendum mihi est in bona quae habuit mitti." D. 4. 5. 7. 2.

3 For 30 days in the case of goods belonging to a living man, and for 15 days in the case of those which had belonged to a dead man, the creditors were in possession merely custodiae gratia: Gai. Comm. III. 79. Hence rules were necessary to prevent their misuse of the possession accorded to them.

Besides the edicts which we are able to recover, we have the following indications of the course of praetorian legislation on this head: