8. Things, which have been duly consecrated by the pontiffs, are sacred; as churches, chapels, and moveables, properly dedicated to the service of God: which we have forbidden by our constitution to be a liened or obligated, unless for the redemption of captives. But, if a man should consecrate a building by his own authority, it would not thus be rendered sacred; but the ground upon which, a sacred edifice hath once been erected, will, according to Papinian, continue to be sacred, although the edifice is destroyed.

6 IX. Religiosum locum unusquisque suâ voluntate facit, dum mortuum infert in locum suum: in communem autem locum purum, invito socio, inferre non licet: in commune verò sepulchrum etiam, invitis cæteris, licet inferre. Item, si alienus ususfructus est, proprietarium placer, nisi consentiente usufructuario, locum religiosum non facere. In alienum locum, consentiente domino, licèt inferre; et, licèt postea ratum non habuerit, quam

§ 9. Any man may at his will render his own place religious, by making it the repository of a dead body; yet, when two are joint possessors of ground, not before used for such a purpose, the one cannot make it religious without consent of the other. But, when there is a sepulchre in common, any joint possessor may use | it, although the rest dissent. And, when there is a proprietor, and an usufructuary, of the same place, the proprietor, without the consent of

6 XI. Singulorum autem hominum multis modis res fiunt: quarundum enim, rerum dominium nancisimur jure naturali, quod, sicut diximus, appellatur jus gentium; quarundum verò jure civili. Commodiùs est itaque à vetustiore jure incipere. Palàm est autem, vetustius esse jus naturale, quod cum ipso genere humano rerum natura prodidit. Civilia autem jura tunc esse cœperunt, cum et civitates condi, et magistratus creari et leges scribi, cœperunt.

§ 11. There are various means, by which things become private property. Of some we obtain dominion by the law of nature, which (as we have already observed) is also called the law of nations; of others by the civil law. But it will be most convenient to begin from the more ancient law; that law, which nature established at the birth of mankind; for civil laws could then only begin to exist, when cities began to be built, magistracies to be created, and laws to be written.

§. XII. Feræ igitur bestiæ, et volucres, et pisces, et omnia animalia, quæ mari, cœlo, et terrà nascuntur, simul atque ab aliquo capta fuerint, jure gentium statim illius esse in

ferarum.

§ 12. Wild beasts, birds, fish, and all animals, bred either in the sea, the air, or upon the earth, so soon as they are taken, become by the law of nations, the property of the cap

cipiunt: quod enim ante nullius est, id naturali ratione occupanti conceditur: nec interest, feras bestias et volucres utrùm in suo fundo quis capiat, an in alieno. Planè, qui alienum fundum ingreditur venandi ut aucupandi gratiâ, potest à domino, si is præviderit, prohiberi, ne ingrediatur. Quicquid autem eorum ceperis, eousque tuum esse intelligitur, donec tuâ custodiâ coercetur; cum verò tuam evaserit custodiam, et in libertatem naturalem sese receperit, tuum esse desinit, et rursus occupantis fit. Naturalem autem libertatem recipere intelligitur, cum vel oculos tuos effugerit, vel ita sit in conspectu tuo, ut difficilis sit ejus persecutio.

tor: for natural reason gives to the first occupant, that which had no previous owner: and it is not material, whether a man take wild beasts or birds upon his own, or upon the ground of another: although whoever hath entered into the ground of another for the sake of hunting or fowling, might have been prohibited by the proprietor, if he had foreseen the intent. Whatever of this kind you take, is regarded as your property while it remains under your coercion; but when it hath escaped your custody, and recovered its natural liberty, it ceases to be yours and becomes the property of the first who seizes it. It is understood to have recovered its natural liberty, if it hath escaped your sight; or although not out of sight, yet if it cannot be pursued and retaken without great difficulty.

§ XIII. Illud quæsitum est, an si fera bestia ita vulnerata sit, ut capi possit, statim tua esse intelligatur. Et quibusdam placuit, statim esse tuam, et eousque tuam videri, donec eam persequaris: quod si desieris persequi, desinere tuam esse, et rursus fieri occupantis: alii verò putaverunt, non aliter tuam esse, quam si eam ceperis. Sed posteriorem sententiam nos confirmamus, quod multa accidere soleant, ut eam non capias.

§ 13. It hath been questioned, whether a wild beast belongs to him, by whom it hath been so wounded, that it may be taken. And, in the opinion of some, it doth so, as long as he pursues it; but, if he quits the pursuit, it ceases to be his, and again becomes the right of the first occupant. Others have thought, that property in a wild beast must attach to the actual taking it. We confirm this latter opinion; because many accidents happen, which prevent the capture.