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session of a subsequent purchaser. See Domat's Civil Law, book 4, tit. 5. sect. 2. art. 3., with the notes on that article, and on book 3. tit. 1. sect. 5. art. 3. But this right by the new commercial code of France, art. 576, 577, et seq. is confined to stoppage in transitu, under provisions very similar to our own law. See Mr. Du Ponceau's translation of the commercial code, 2 Walsh's Review, p. 191, 192.

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In England, before the statute of frauds, 29 Ch. 2. chap. 3. § 17, (which enacts, that "no contract for the sale of goods, wares, and mer"chandize, for the price of ten pounds sterling or upwards, shall be al"lowed to be good, except the buyer shall accept part of the goods so "sold and actually receive the same, or give something in earnest to "bind the bargain, or in part payment, or that some note or memoran"dum in writing of the said bargain be made and signed by the parties "charged by such contract or their agents thereunto lawfully autho"rized") no bargain for goods was valid without earnest, delivery, or payment, except a contract to deliver at a future day appointed, and for a settled price; which might have been supported. Since that statute no verbal contract of bargain and sale unaccompanied by delivery or part delivery, payment or part payment, or earnest money (which may or may not be a part of the price, according to the intention of the parties; Pinnel's case, 5 Rep. 177., Pordage v. Cole, 1 Saund. 319., Manning v. Western, 2 Vern. 606., and Hamersly v. Knowlys, 2 Esp. N. Pr. Čas. 666., which are comments on the rule, quicquid solvitur, solvitur ad modum solventis) can be supported. It was for some time thought that executory contracts might be taken out of it; but all that class of cases relates to those sales only where the goods to be delivered are not finished, and cannot be delivered at the time of the contract; not to those which exist in solido, and are capable of present delivery. See Rondeau v. Wyatt, 2 H. Bl. 63, and Cooper v. Elston, 7 Term Rep. 14.

Page 463. The case of the United States v. The administrators of Hillegas, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the district of Pennsylvania, reviews all the authorities, and settles, that a surety is discharged by indulgence given to the principal on a new security. Add to the cases on surety, 10 East 39. 1 Bos. & Pull. 419. 4 Dall. 135.

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Page 464. Stoppage in transitu. In Hodgson v. Loy, 7 Term Rep. 440, Lord Kenyon, and in ex parte Gwynne, 12 Ves. 382, Lord Erskine, state, that the right of stoppage in transitu is not founded on the right of the vendor to rescind the contract, but on an equitable lien, indulged to the vendor, from motives of reasonable expedience in the case of bargain and sale. To me, this right appears to have been suggested by the provisions of the civil law.

I believe it is considered that delivery to a common carrier, is such a delivery to the consignee, as to take away any right in the consignor to rescind the contract, though it leaves unimpaired the right of stopping in transitu ere the goods arrive at their place of destination. In the case of Walter and Fillis v. Jenks, Judge Washington determined that a vendor had a right in case of insolvency to seize his goods on board a general vessel, to which they were sent by the purchaser who had not paid for them, and for whose use they were ostensibly shipped, without any

assignment of the bill of lading, though they were in fact intended for the use of a distant creditor of the purchaser: for under the circumstances they remained completely in the power of the purchaser who shipped them, and who could at any time alter their place of destination.

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In the case of a sale of land, where the purchase money is not paid, the Court of Chancery considers the purchaser a trustee for the seller, Pollexfen v. Moore, 3 Atk. 272., Blackburn v. Gryson, 1 Brown's Ch. Rep. 420.

Add to the cases of stoppage in transitu, Stubbs v. Lund, 7 Mass. Rep. 452, an instructive case, decided by a judge of no common talent. Page 465. To the cases on the subject of delivery of goods to carriers, add Potter v. Lansing, 1 Johns, N. Y. Rep. 215.

Page 467. Servitudo. Servitudines. Services, servitudes, easements. I have stated, page 467, 468, that of the three translations, I have preferred services: here in agreeing with Dr. Wood, Dr. Taylor, and Dr. Harris, the compilers of the Napoleon code being neuter, I have against me, Lord Mansfield, in the case cited from 1 Burr. 443; Gibbon, 8 Rom. Hist. 73; Mr. Du Ponceau of Philadelphia, whose opinions on subjects of the civil law, I hold in great respect; and Mr. Jefferson, in his late learned and elaborate defence of the proceedings of the United States, in respect of Mr. Ed. Livingston's claim to the New Orleans Batture. In this tract the reader will meet with much collateral information on alluvion, servitudes, prædia rustica et urbana, and other points connected with the civil law. All these learned men translate servitudo by servitude. But to my ear, the last word seems exclusively appropriated in common language, to the situation of servants and slaves.

Page 553. I sent to Philadelphia the pages of Harris's edition that contained the 118th novel, to have the Greek printed there. Hence, not having it before me, I inadvertently translated that novel anew.

Page 582. Novation. This is somewhat allied to the English doctrine of extinguishment.

Page 583. For peredentum, read prudentum.

Page 615, near the top, for defective quality, read, non-delivery. Page 617. Add to the cases respecting sales in market overt, Cheriot v. Foussat, 3 Binn. 220. 258.

Page 622. Commandite. I borrow the following note from Mr. Du Ponceau, to whom the bar are obliged for the useful translation of the French commercial code in the second volume of Walsh's Review, and very ably elucidated by the notes he has added to it.

Societé en commandite. Our language has no corresponding words to express this technical phrase, nor that of associé commandataire which is derived from it. We are therefore obliged to adopt the French words themselves as well as we can to our own idiom, with some variations for the sake of euphony and analogy, as far as these can be obtained.

This species of partnership, like the greatest part of the mercantile customs of Europe, draws its origin from Italy. Hence the words commandite and commanditaire are derived from the Italian commando, which itself takes its derivation from the Latin mandatum. Societé en commandite is as it were, societas cum mandato, a contract of partnership coupled

with a contract of mandatum or bailment. Such a partnership is composed of one or more acting and responsible, and one or more dormant partners; the latter of whom are not bound by the acts of their associates, beyond the amount they bring into the general stock. They merely place their funds in the hands of others, to be employed in trade for their benefit; and therefore these different partners, not only as between each other, but as between them and the rest of the world, stand together in the relation of principal and factor: mixed indeed, with some of the circumstances attending ordinary partnerships, but only in a certain degree, and to a limited extent. From this mixture of relative rights and duties, this species of contract has received its denomination.

These partnerships are useful in countries, where there are great capitalists, who wish to employ a part of their money in trade without exposing themselves to unlimited risks. They furnish employment for funds, which would otherwise remain inactive. The laws of America and Great Britain however do not recognize such associations.

INDEX

AD

Libros, Titulos et Sectiones Institutionum.

Proxmium de Confirmatione Institutionum.

De usu armorum et legum.

1. De bellis et legibus Justiniani.

2. De compositione codicis et pandectarum.
3. De tempore, auctoritatibus, fine et utilitate compo-
sitionis institutionum..

3. Divisio institutionum.

5. Quid in institutionibus contineatur.

6. Ex quibus libris composite sunt institutiones atque
earum recognitio et confirmatio.

7. Adhortatio ad studium juris.

Lib. 1. Tit. 1. De Justitiâ et Jure.

Definitio justitiæ.

1. Definitio jurisprudentiæ.

2. De juris methodo.

3. Juris præcepta.

4. De jure publico et privato.

Lib. 1. Tit. 2. De Jure naturali Gentium et Civili.
De jure naturali.

1. Distinctio juris gentium et civilis, à definitione et
etymologia.

2. Ab appellatione et effectibus.

3. Divisio juris in scriptum et non scriptum; et subdi-
visio juris scripti.

4. De lege et plebiscito.

5. De senatus-consulto.

6. De constitutione.

7. De jure honorario.

8. De responsis prudentum.

9. De jure non scripto.

10. Ratio superioris divisionis.

11. Divisio juris in immutabile et mutabile.

12. De objectis juris.

Lib. 1. Tit. 3. De Jure Personarum.

Prima divisio personarum.

1. Definitio libertatis.

2. Definitio servitutis.

3. Servi et mancipii etymologia.

4. Quibus modis servi constituuntur.

5. De liberorum et servorum divisione.

Lib. 1. Tit. 4. De Ingenuis.

De ingenui definitione.

1. De erroneâ ingenui manumissione.

Lib. 1. Tit. 5. De Libertinis.

Definitio et origo libertinorum et manumissionis.

1. Quibus modis manumittatur.

2. Ubi et quando manumitti potest.

3. De libertinorum divisione sublatâ,

Lib. 1. Tit. 6. Qui et quibus causis manumittere non possunt.
Prius caput legis Eliæ Sentiæ, de manumittente in frau-
dem creditorum.

1. De servo instituto cum libertate.

2. De servo instituto sine libertate.

3. Quid sit in fraudem creditorum manumittere.

4. Alterum caput legis Eliæ Sentiæ de minore viginti

annis.

5. Quæ sunt justæ causæ manumissionis.

6. De causá semel probatâ.

7. Abrogatio posterioris capitis legis Eliæ Sentiæ.

Lib. 1. Tit. 7. De lege Fusiâ Caniniâ Tollendâ.

Lib. 1. Tit. 8. De his qui sui vel alieni juris sunt.
Altera divisio personarum.

1. De jure gentium in servos.

2. De jure civium Romanorum in servos.

Lib. 1. Tit. 9. De Patriâ Potestate.

Summa tituli.

1. Definitio nuptiarum.
2. Qui habent in potestate.
3. Qui sunt in potestate.

Lib. 1. Tit. 10. De Nuptiis.

Qui possunt nuptias contrahere.

1. Quæ uxores duci possunt vel non. De cognatis, ac
primum de parentibus et liberis.

2. De fratribus et sororibus.

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