D. xxvi. T. 8. C. v. T. 59. In quibus causis auctoritas sit necessaria. AUCTORITAS autem tutoris in quibusdam causis necessaria pupillis est, in quibusdam non est ne cessaria: ut, ecce, si quid dari sibi stipulentur, non est necessaria tutoris auctoritas; quod si aliis promittant pupilli, necessaria est tutoris auctoritas namque placuit, meliorem quidem conditionem licere iis facere etiam sinè tutoris auctoritate; deteriorem verò non aliter, quam cum tutoris auctoritate. Unde in his causis, ex quibus obligationes mutuæ nascuntur, ut in emp H The authority or confirmation of a tutor is in some cases necessary, and in others not. When a man stipulates to make a gift to a pupil, the authority of the tutor is not requisite; but, if a pupil enters into a contract, it is so; for the rule is, that pupils may better their condition, but not impair it, without the authority of their tutors. And therefore in all cases of mutual obligation, as in buying, selling, letting, hiring, mandates, deposites, &c. he, who contracts with a pupil, is bound tionibus, venditionibus, locationibus, mandatis, depositis, si tutores auctoritas non interveniat, ipsi quidem, qui cum his contrahunt, obligantur; at invicem pupilli non obligantur. by the contract; but not the pupil, unless the tutor hath authorised it. Exceptio. SI. Neque tamen hæreditatem adire, neque bonorum possessionem petere, neque hæreditatem ex fideicommisso suscipere, aliter possunt, nisi tutoris auctoritate, (quamvis illis lucrosa sit,) ne ullum damnum habeant. § 1. But no pupil, without the authority of his tutor, can enter upon an inheritance, or take upon him the possession of goods, or an inheri tance in trust; for, there is a possibility of damage, as well as gain. Quomodo auctoritas interponi debet. § II. Tutor autem statim in ipso negotio præsens debet auctor fieri, si hoc pupillo prodesse existimaverit. Post tempus verò, vel per epistolam, aut per nuntium, interposita auctoritas nihil agit. § 2. If a tutor would authorise any act, which he esteems advantageous to his pupil, he should be personally present; for his authority hath no effect, when given by letter, by messenger, or after contract. Quo casu interponi non potest. § III. Si inter tutorem pupillumque judicio agendum sit, quia ipse tutor in rem suam auctor esse non potest, non prætorius tutor (ut olim) constituir, sed curator in locum ejus datur; quo curatore interveniente, judicium peragitur; et, eo peracto, curator esse desinit. § 3. When a suit is to be commenced between a tutor and his pupil, inasmuch as the tutor can not exercise his authority, as such, against himself, a curator, and not a prætorian tutor, (as was formerly the custom,) is appointed, by whose invention the suit is carried on; and, when it is determined, the curatorship ceases. TITULUS VIGESIMUS-SECUNDUS. QUIBUS MODIS TUTELA FINITUR. C. v. T. 60. De pubertate. PUPILLI, pupillæque, cum puberes esse cœperint, à tutelâ liberantur. Pubertatem autem veteres quidem non solùm ex annis, sed etiam ex habitu corporis, in masculis æstimari volebant. Nostra autem majestas, dignum esse castitate nostrorum temporum existimans, benè putavit, quod in fœminis etiam antiquis impudicum esse visum est, id est, inspectionem habitudinis corporis, hoc etiam in masculos extendere: et idco, nostrâ sanctà constitutione promulgatâ, pubertatem in masculis post decimum quartum annum completum illicò initium accipere disposuimus: antiquitatis normam in fœminis benè positam in suo ordine relinquentes, ut post duodecim annos completos, viri potentes esse credantur. Pupils, both male and female, are freed from tutelage, when they arrive at puberty. The ancients judg. ed of puberty in males, not by years only, but also by the habit of their bor dies. But our imperial majesty, regarding the purity of the present times, hath thought it proper, that the same decency, which was ever observed toward females, should be extended also to males: and there fore, by our sacred constitution, we have enacted, that puberty in males should be reputed to commence immediately after the completion of their fourteenth year. But, in relation to females, we leave that wholesome and ancient rule of law unaltered, by which they are esteemed marriageable after the twelfth year is comple ted. |