Interpretatio ult. sup. tit. prox.

§ VI. Quod autem dictum est, manere cognationis jus etiam post capitis diminutionem, hoc ita est, si minima capitis diminutio interveniat : manet enim cognatio. Nam, si maxima capitis diminutio interveniat, jus quoque cognationis perit, ut puta servitute alicujus cognati; et ne quidem, si manumissus fuerit, recipit cognationem. Sed et si in insulam quis deportatus sit, cognatio solvitur.

6. We have said, that the right of cognation remains after diminution, but this relates only to the least diminution. For, by the greater diminution, as by servitude, the right of cognation is wholly destroyed, even so as not to be recovered by manumission. numission. The right of cognation is also lost by the less or mesne diminution, as by deportation into an island.

Ad quos agnatos tutela pertinet. § VII. Cum autem ad agnatos tutela pertineat, non simul ad omnes pertinet, sed ad eos tantùm, qui proximiore gradu sunt; vel si plures ejusdem gradus sunt, ad omnes pertinet; veluti si plures fratres sunt, qui unum gradum obtinent, paritèr ad tutelam vocantur.

§ 7. Although the right of tutelage belongs to agnati, yet it belongs not to all, but to the nearest in degree only. But, if there be many in the same degree, the tutelage belongs to all of them, however numerous. For example, several brothers are all called equally to tutelage.

TITULUS DECIMUS-SEPTIMUS.

DE LEGITIMA PATRONORUM TUTELA.

D. xxvi. T. 4. C. v. T. 30.

Ratio, ob quam patronorum tutela dicitur legitima.

EX eâdem lege duodecim tabularum, libertorum et libertarum tutela ad patronos liberosque eorum pertinet, quæ et ipsa legitima tutela vocatur; non quia nominatim in eâ lege de hac tutelâ caveatur; sed quia perinde accepta est per interpretationem, ac si verbis legis in

By the same law of the twelve tables, the tutelage of freed-men und freed-women, belongs to their patrons, and to the children of such patrons; and this is tutelage by operation of law, although it exists not nominally in the law; but it is as firmly established by interpretation, as if it

TITULUS DECIMUS-OCTAVUS.

DE LEGITIMA PARENTUM TUTELA.

TITULUS DECIMUS-NONUS.

DE FIDUCIARIA TUTELA.

Filii-familias à patre manumissi pater tutor est legitimus; eo vero defuncto, frater tutor fiduciarius existit.

EST et alia tutela, quæ fiduciaria appellatur: nam, si parens filium vel filiam, nepotem vel neptem, vel deinceps, impuberes manumiserit, legitimam nanciscitur eorum tutelam : quo defuncto, si liberi ejus virilis sexus existant, fiduciarii tutores filiorum suorum, vel fratris, vel sororis, vel cæterorum, efficiuntur. Atqui, patrono legitimo tutore mortuo, liberi quoque ejus legitimi sunt tutores ; quoniam filius quidem defuncti, si non esset à vivo patre emancipatus, post obitum ejus sui juris efficeretur, nec in fratrum potestatem recideret, ideòque nec in tutelam. Libertus autem, si servus mansisset, utique eodem jure apud liberos domini post mortem ejus futuras esset. Ita tamen hi ad tutelam vocantur, si perfectæ sint ætatis ; quod nostra constitutio in omnibus tutelis et curationibus observari generalitèr None can be called to tutelage,

There is another kind of tutelage called fiduciary; for, if a parent emancipate a son or a daughter, a grand-son or a grand-daughter, or any other child, not arrived puberty, he is then their legal tutor: but, at his death, his male children of age become the fiduciary tutors of their own sons, or of a brother, a sister, or of a brother's children emancipated by the deceased. But when a patron, who is a legal tutor, dies, his children also become legal tutors. The reason of which difference is this: a son, although ne-、 ver emancipated, becomes independent at the death of his father; and therefore as he falls not under power of his brothers, he can not be under their legal tutelage. But the condition of a slave is not altered at the death of his master; for he then becomes a slave to the children of the deceased.

præcepit.

unless of full age; and our constitution hath commanded this rule

to be generally observed in all tutelages and curations.

TUTULUS VIGESIMUS.

DE ATILIANO TUTORE, ET EO, QUI EX LEGE

JULIA ET TITIA DABATUR,

D. xxvi. T. 5. C. v. T. 34 et 36.

Jus antiquum, si nullus sit tutor.

SI cui nullus omninò tutor fuerat, ei dabatur, in urbe quidem à prætore urbano et majore parte tribunorum plebis, tutor ex lege Atilia: in provinciis verò â præsidibus provinciarum ex lege Julia et Titia.

Under the law Atilia, the prætor of the city, with a majority of the tribunes, might assign tutors to all who were not otherwise intitled. In the provinces, tutors were appointed by the respective governors under the law Julia and Titia.

Si spes sit futuri tutoris testamentarii. I. Sed et, si in testamento tutor sub conditione, aut ex die certo datus fuerat, quamdiu conditio aut dies pendebat, iisdem legibus tutor alius interìm dari poterat. Item si purè datus fuerat, quamdiu ex testamento nemo hæres existebat, tamdiu ex iisdem legibus tutor petendus erat, qui desinebat esse tutor, si conditio extiterat, aut dies venerat, aut hæres extiterat.

1. If a testamentary tutor had been appointed conditionally, or from a certain day, another tutor might have been assigned by virtue of the above named laws, while the condition depended or until the day came. Also if a tutor had been given unconditionally, yet, as long as the testamentary heir deferred taking upon him the inheritance, another tutor might have been appointed during the interval. But his office ceased, when the condition happened, the day came. or the inheritance was entered upon.

Si tutor ab hostibus sit captus.

II. Ab hostibus quoque tutore capto, ex his legibus tutor petebatur; qui desinebat esse tutor, si is, qui captus erat, in civitatem reversus fuerat: nam reversus recipiebat tutelam jure postliminii.

2. By the Atilian and Julio-titian laws, if a tutor was taken by the enemy, another tutor was applied for, whose office ceased, of course, when the first tutor returned from captivity; for he then resumed the tutelage by his right of return.

Quando et cur desierint ex dictis legibus tutores dari.

§ III. Sed ex his legibus tutores pupillis desierunt dari, posteaquam primò consules pupillis utriusque sexus tutores ex inquisitione dare cœperunt, deinde prætores ex constitutionibus. Nam supradictis legibus neque de cautione à tutoribus exigendâ, rem pupillis salvam fore, neque de compellendis tutoribus ad tutelæ administrationem, quicquam cavebatur.

Jus

IV. Sed hoc jure utimur, ut Romæ quidem præfectus urbi, vel prætor secundum suam jurisdictionem, in provinciis autem præsides ex inquisitione, tutores crearent; vel magistratus jussu præsidum, si non sint magnæ pupilli facultates.

§ 3. But these laws fell into disuse, first when the consuls began to assign tutors to pupils of either sex, on inquisition; and next, when the prætors were invested with the same authority by imperial constitutions. For, by the above mentioned laws, no security was required from the tutors for the forthcoming of the property, neither were they compelled to act.

novum.

§ 4. But latterly, at Rome, the præfect of the city, or the prætor according to his jurisdiction, and, in the provinces, the respective gover nors may assign tutors upon inquiry; so may an inferior magistrate, at the command of a governor, if the possessions of the pupil are not large.

Jus novissimum.

SV. Nos autem, per constitutionem nostram hujusmodi difficultates hominum resecantes, nec expectatâ jussione præsidum, disposuimus, si facultates pupilli vel adulti usque ad quingentos solidos valeant, defensores civitatum unà cum ejusdem civitatis religiosissimo antistite, vel alias personas publicas, id est, magistratus, vel juridicum Alexandrinæ civitatis, tutores vel curatores creare; legitimâ cautela secundùm ejusdem constitutionis normam præstandâ, videlicet eorum periculo, qui eam accipiunt.

5. But for the ease of our subjects we have ordained, that the judge of Alexandria and the magistrates of every city, together with the chief ecclesiastic, may assign tutors or curators to pupils or adults, whose fortunes do not exceed five hundred aurei, without waiting for the command of the governor, to whose province they belong. But all such magistrates must, at their peril, take from every tutor, so appointed, the security required by our constitution.