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In duplum.

§ XXIII. In duplum agimus, veluti furti nec manifesti, damni injuriæ ex lege Aquilia, depositi ex quibusdam causis: item servi corrupti, quæ competit in eum, cujus hortatu consiliove servus alienus fugerit, aut contumax adversus dominum factus est, aut luxuriosè vi vere cœperit, aut denique quolibet modo deterior factus sit; in quâ actione earum etiam rerum, quas fugiendo servus abstulerit, æstimatio deducitur item ex legato, quod venerabilibus locis relictum est, seeundùm ea, quæ supra diximus.

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23. The double value is sued for in an action of theft not manifest, of injury, by the law Aquilia, and sometimes in an action of deposit. Also in an action brought, on account of a slave corrupted, against him, by whose advice such a slave hath fled from his master, grown disobedient, extravagant, or become in any manner the worse; and, in this action, an estimate is to be made of whatever things the slave hath stolen from his master, before his flight. An action for the detention of a legacy, left to an holy place, is also given for double value, as we have before remarked.

In triplum.

§ XXIV. Tripli verò agimus, cum quidam majorem verâ æstimatione quantitatem in libello conventionis inserunt, ut ex hac causâ viatores, id est, executores litium, ampliorem summam, sportularum nomine, exigerent: tunc enim id, quod propter eorum causam damnum passus fuerit reus, in triplum ab actore consequetur; ut in hoc triplo etiam simplum, in quo damnum passus est, connumeretur. Quod nostra constitutio introduxit, quæ in nostro codice fulget, ex quâ procul dubio certum est, ex lege

condictitiam emanare.

§ 24. A suit may be brought for triple value, when any person inserts a greater sum, than is due to him, in the libel of convention, to the intent, that the officers of any court may exact a larger fee, or perquisite from the defendant; in which case the latter may obtain the triple value of the extraordinary fee from the plaintiff, including the fee in the triple value. The fees of officers are regulated by our constitution, and it is not to be doubted, but that the action, called condictio ex lege, may be given by virtue of that ordinance.

In quadruplum.

§ XXV. Quadrupli autem agitur; veluti furti manifesti; item de

§ 25. A suit may be commenced for quadruple value, by an action

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XXVI. Sed furti quidem nec manifesti actio et servi corrupti à cæteris, de quibus simul locuti sumus, eo differunt, quod hæ actiones omnimodo dupli sunt; at istæ, id est, damni injuriæ ex lege Aquilia et interdum depositi, inficiatione duplicantur; in confitentem autem in simplum dantur. Sed illa, quæ de iis competit, quæ relicta venerabilibus locis sunt, non solùm inficiatione duplicatur, sed etiam si distulerit relicti solutionem, usque quo jussu magistratuum conveniatur: in confitentem verò, antequam jussu magistratuum conveniatur, solventem, simpli redditur.

§ 26. But an action of theft not manifest, and an action on account of a slave corrupted, differ from the others, of which we have spoken, in that they always inforce a condemnation in double the value; but in an action, given by the law Aquilia for an injury done, and sometimes in an action of deposit, the double value may be exacted in case of denial; but if the defendant confesses, the single value only can be recovered. In an action brought for a legacy to pious uses, due to any holy place or society, the penalty is not only doubled by the denial of the defendant, but also by any delay of payment, which may be adjudged to have given a just cause for citing the defendant before a magistrate; but if the legacy be paid, before any citation issues at the command of the judge, the single value only can be required.

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Subdivisio actionum in quadruplum.

§ XXVII. Item actio de eo, quod metûs causâ factum sit, à cæteris, de quibus simul locati sumus, eo differt, quod ejus naturâ tacitè continetur, ut, qui judicis jussu ipsam rem actori restituat, absolvatur: quod in cæteris casibus non est jta, sed omnimodo quisque in quadruplum condemnatur; quod est et in furti manifesti actione.

§ 27. An action for putting a man in fear, differs also from other actions in quadruplum, because it is tacitly implied in the nature of this action, that the party, who hath obeyed the command of the judge, in restoring the things taken, may be dismissed; for, in all other actions for the fourfold value, every man must be condemned to pay the full penalty, as in the action of theft manifest.

Divisio quarta de actionibus bonæ fidei.

6 XXVIII. Actionum autem quædam bonæ fidei sunt, quædam stricti juris. Bonæ fidei sunt hæ: ex empto, vendito; locato, conducto; negotiorum gestorum; mandati; depositi; pro socio; tutelæ ; commodati; pigneratitia; familiæ erciscundæ ; communi dividundo; præscriptis verbis, quæ de æstimato proponitur; et ea, quæ ex permutatione competit ; et hæreditatis petitib. Quamvis enim usque adhuc incertum erat, inter bonæ fidei judicia conuumeranda hæreditatis petitio esset, an non; nostra tamen constitutio apertè, eam esse bonæ fidei, disposuit.

De rei uxoriæ actione, in ex § XXIX. Fuerat antea et rei uxoriæ actio una ex bonæ fidei judiciis sed cum, pleniorem esse ex stipulatu actionem invenientes, omne jus, quod res uxoria antea ha

§ 28. The fourth division is into actions of good faith, and actions of strict right. Those of good faith are the following; viz. actions of buying and selling, letting and hireing; of affairs transacted, of mandate, deposit, partnership, tutelage, loan, mortgage; of the partition of an inheritance, or the division of any thing or things, which belong in common to several persons; also actions in prescribed words, which are either estimatory, or derived from commutation; and lastly the demand of an inheritance: for although it hath long been doubtful to what class this action belonged; our constitution hath clearly numbered it among actions of good faith.

stipulatu actionem transfusâ..

$ 29. The action rei uxoriæ for the recovery of a marriage portion, was formerly numbered among the actions of good faith; but when, upon finding the action of stipulation to

bebat, cum multis divisionibus, in actionem ex stipulatu, quæ de dotibus exigendis proponitur, transtu lerimus, merito rei uxoriæ actione sublata, ex stipulatu actio, quæ pro ea introducta est, naturam bonæ fidei judicii tantum in exactione dotis meruit, ut bonæ fidei sit; sed et tacitam ei dedimus hypothecam. Præferri autem aliis creditoribus in hypothecis tunc censuimus, cum ipsa mulier de dote suâ experiatur, cujus solius providentiâ hoc induxi

mus.

be more full and advantageous, we abrogated the action rei uxoriæ, and transferred all its effects, with the addition of many other powers, to the action of stipulation given to recover marriage portions, we then not only thought, that this action of stipulation, as far as it related to marriage portions, deserved to be numbered with actions of good faith, but we also added to it by implication, the effect of a mortgage: and we judged it proper, that women, in whose sole behalf we have thus ordained, should be preferred to all other creditors by mortgage, whenever they themselves sue for their marriage portions.

De potestate judicis in judicio bonæ fidei, et de compensa

tionibus.

§ XXX. In bonæ fidei judiciis, libera potestas permitti videtur judici ex bono et æquo æstimandi, quantum actori restitui debeat. In quo et illud continetur, ut, si quid invicem præstare actorem oporteat, eo compensato, in reliquum is, cum quo actum est, debeat condemnari. Sed et in stricti juris judiciis ex rescripto divi Marci, opposita doli mali exceptione, compensatio indu

§ 30. In all actions of good faith a full power is given to the judge of calculating, according to the rules of justice and equity, how much ought to be restored to the plaintiff; and of course, when the plaintiff is found to be indebted to the defendant in a less sum, it is in the power of the judge to allow a compensation, and to condemn the defendant in the payment of the difference; and, even in Sed nostra constitutio actions of strict right, the emperor easdem compensationes, quæ jure Marcus introduced a compensation aperto nituntur, latius introduxit, by opposing an exception of fraud: ut actiones ipso jure minuant, sive but we have extended compensations in rem, sivè in personam, sivè alias much farther by our constitution, quascunque; exceptâ sola depositi when the debt of the defendant is eviactione, cui, aliquid compensationis dent; so that actions of strict right, nomine opponi, sanè iniquum esse real, personal, or of whatever kind credimus; ne, sub prætextu com> may be diminished by compensation;

cebatur.

pensationis, depositarum depositarum rerum quis exactione defraudetur.

except only an action of deposit, against which we have not judged it proper to permit any compensation to be alledged, lest the pretence of compensation should give color and encouragement to fraud.

De actionibus arbitrariis.

§ XXXI. Præterea, actiones quasdam arbitrarias, id est, ex arbitrio judicis pendentes, appellamus; in quibus nisi arbitrio judicis is, cum quo agitur, actori satisfaciat, veluti rem restituat, vel exhibeat, vel solvat, vel ex noxali causâ servum dedat, condemnari debeat. Sed istæ actiones tam in rem, quam, in personam, inveniuntur; in rem; veluti Publiciana, Serviana de rebus coloni, quasi Serviana, quæ etiam hypothecaria vocatur: in personam; veluti quibus de eo agitur, quod vi aut metûs causâ, aut dolo malo, factum est; item cum id, quod certo loco promissum est, petitur: ad exhibendum quoque actio ex arbitrio judicis pendet. In his enim actionibus, et cæteris similibus, permittitur judici ex bono et æquo, secundùm cujusque rei, de quâ actum est, naturam, æstimare, quemadmodum actori satisfieri oporteat.

§ 31. Some actions moreover we call arbitrary, as depending upon the discretion of the judge; for, in these, if the party do not at the decree of the court, exhibit whatever is required, restore the thing in litigation, pay the value of it, or give up a slave in consequence of an action of mulfeasance, he ought to be condemned. Of these arbitrary actions some are real and some personal: real, as the action Publiciana, Serviana, and quasi-Serviana, which is like se called hypothecary: others are personal, as those, by which a suit is commenced on account of something done by force, fear or fraud; or on account of something, which was promised to be paid or restored in a certain place; and the action ad exhibendum, which was given to the intent, that something particular should be exhibited, is also of the same kind: in these and the like actions, the judge may determine, according to equity and the nature of the thing sued for, in what manner and proportion the plaintiff ought to receive satisfaction.

Quinta divisio, de incertæ quantitatis petitione.

§ XXXII. Curare autem debet

32. A judge ought, as much as

judex, ut omninò, quantum possi- possible, so to frame his sentence,

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