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De actione in factum ex jurejurando.

§ XI. Item, si quis postulante adversario juraverit, deberi sibi pecuniam, quam peteret, neque ei solvatur, justissimè accommodat ei talem actionem, per quam non illud quæritur, an ei pecunia debeatur, sed an juraverit.

De actionibus

XII. Pœnales quoque actiones prætor penè multas ex suâ jurisdictione introduxit; veluti adversus eum, qui quid ex albo ejus corrupisset; et in eum, qui patronum vel parentem in jus vocasset, cum id non impetrasset; item adversus eum, qui vi exemerit eum, qui in jus vocaretur, cujusve dolo alius exemerit; et alias innumerabiles.

§ 11. Also if any man, called upon by the adverse party, make oath, that the debt, which he sues for, is due and unpaid, the prætor most justly indulges him with an action upon the fact; in which no inquiry is made, whether the debt be due, but whether the oath hath been taken.

pœnalibus.

§ 12. The prætors have also introduced many penal actions, by virtue of their authority. Thus, they have provided an action against him, who hath wilfully damaged or erased an edict; against an emancipated son, or a freed-man, who hath commenced suit against his parent or patron, without previous permission from the proper magistrate; also against any person, who by force or fraud hath hindered another from appearing to the process of a court of justice; and many others.

De præjudicialibus actionibus.

§ XIII. Præjudiciales actiones in rem esse videntur; quales sunt, per quas quæritur, an aliquis liber, an libertus sit, vel servus, vel de partu agnoscendo. Ex quibus ferè una illa legitimam causam habet, per quam quæritur, an aliquis liber sit: cæteræ ex ipsius prætoris jurisdictione substantiam capiunt.

§ 13. Prejudicial actions are also real; such are those, by which it is inquired, whether a man is born free, or made free; whether he be a slave, or a bastard. But of these, that only arises from the civil law, by which it is inquired, whether a man be free born: the rest originate from the prætor's jurisdiction.

An res sua condici possit.

§ XIV. Sic itaque discretis actionibus, certum est, non posse actorem suam rem ita ab aliquo petere, si paret, eum dare oportere: nec enim, quod actoris est, id ei dari oportet; scilicet, quia dari cuiquam id intelligitur, quod ita datur, ut ejus fiat: nec res, quæ jam actoris est, magis ejus fieri potest. Planè odio furum, quo magis pluribus actionibus teneantur, effectum est, ut, extra pœnam dupli aut quadrupli, rei recipiendæ nomine, fures etiam hac actione teneantur, si appareat, eos dare oportere : quamvis sit adversus eos etiam hæc in rem actio, per quam, rem suam quis esse petit.

§ 14. Actions being thus either real or personal, it is certain, that a man cannot sue for his own property by a condiction, or a personal action in the following form, viz. If it appear, that the defendant ought to GIVE it me: for the act of giving implies the conferring of property, and that which is already the property of the plaintiff, can not by being given to him, become more his own, than it is already. But, in order to shewa detestation for thieves and robbers, and to accumulate the actions to which they are liable, it hath been determined, that, besides the double and quadruple penalty, they may be pursued by a condiction for the thing taken, in the form before recited, if it appear, that they ought to GIVE it. And this, although the party injured may also bring a real action against them, by which he may demand the thing taken, as his own.

De nominibus actionum.

§ XV. Appellamus autem in rem quidem actiones, vindicationes; in personam verò actiones, quibus dare aut facere oportere intenditur, condictiones; condicere enim est denuntiare, priscâ linguâ: nunc verò abusivè dicimus, condictionem actionem in personam esse, quâ actor intendit dari sibi oportere; nulla enim hoc tempore eo nomine denuntiatio fit.

§ 15. Real actions are called vindications; and personal actions, in which it is intended, that something ought to be done or given, are culled condictions; for condicere, in old language was the same with denuntiare to denounce: but condiction is now improperly used for a personal action, by which the plaintiff contends, that something ought to be given to him; for denunciations are

not in use.

Divisio secunda.

§ XVI. Sequens illa divisio est, quod quædam actiones rei persequendæ gratiâ comparatæ sunt, quædam pœnæ persequendæ, quædam mistæ sunt.

16. Actions are also farther divided into those, which are given to recover the specific thing in dispute; those, which are given for the penalty only and mixed actions.

De actioribus rei persecu o is.

§ XVII. Rei persequendæ causà comparate sunt omnes in rem actiones; earum verò actionum, quæ in personam sunt, eæ quidem, quæ ex contractu nascuntur, ferè omnes rei persequendæ causà comparate videntur; veluti quibus mutuam pecuniani, vel in stipulatum deductam, petit actor; item commodati, depositi, mandati, pro socio, ex empto, vendito, locato, conducto. Planè, si depositi agatur eo nomine, quod tumultûs, incendii, ruinæ, naufragii causâ depositum sit, in duplum actionem prætor reddit, si modo cum ipso, apud quem depositum sit, aut cum hærede ejus, de dolo ipsius agitur; quo casu mista est actio.

17. All real actions are given for the recovery of the thing in litigation; which is the object also of almost all the personal actions which arise from contract; as the action for a mutuum, a commodatum, or on account of a stipulation, a deposit, mandate, partnership, buying and selling, letting and hireing. But, when a suit is commenced for a thing deposited by reason of a riot, a fire, or any other calamity, the prætor always gives an action for a double penalty, besides the thing deposited, if the suit is brought against the depositary himself, or against his heir, for fraud; in which case the action is mixed.

De actionibus pœnæ persecutoriis.

vero 18. In cases of mal-feasance, some actions are for the penalty only, and some both for the thing and the penalty; which are therefore called mixed actions. But, in an action of theft, whether manifest or not manifest, nothing more is sued for than the penalty, which, in manifest theft is quadruple, and, in theft not manifest, double: for the owner may recover by a separate action what hath been stolen from

§ XVIII. Ex maleficiis. prodita actiones, aliæ tantum pœnæ persequendæ causâ comparatæ sunt; aliæ tam pœnæ, quam rei persequendæ ; et ob id mistæ sunt. Panam tantùm persequitur quis actione furti; sivè enim manifesti agatur, quadrupli, sivè non manifesti, dupli, de sola pœna agitur: nam ipsam rem propriâ actione persequitur quis, id est, suam esse pe tens, sivè fur ipse eam rem possi

deat, sivè alius quilibet. Eo amEo amplius adversus furem etiam condictio est rei.

him, if he demand the thing stolen as his own, not only against the thief, but against any other in possession of his property. The thief may also be sued by a condiction for the thing itself.

De mistis; hoc est, rei et pænæ persecutoriis.

§. XIX. Vi autem bonorum raptorum actio mista est, quia in quadruplo rei persecutio continetur; pœna autem tripli est. Sed et legis Aquilia actio, de damno injuriâ dato, mista est; non solùm si adversus inficiantem in duplum agatur, sed interdum etsi in simplum quisque agat; veluti si quis hominem claudum aut luscum occiderit, qui in eo anno integer et magni pretii fuerit; tanti enim damnatur, quanti is homo eo in anno plurimi fuerit, secundùm jam traditam divisionem. Item mista est actio contra eos, qui relicta sacrosanctis Ecclesiis, vel aliis venerabilibus locis, legata vel fidei-commissi nomine, dare distulerint, usque adeò ut etiam in judicium vocarentur: tunc enim et ipsam rem vel pecuniam, quæ relicta est, dare compelluntur, et aliud tantum pro pœna; et idèo in duplum ejus fit condemnatio.

19. An action for goods taken by force, is a mixed action; because the thing taken is included under the quadruple value to be recovered by the action; and thus the penalty is but triple. The action, introduced by the law Aquilia, for damage injuriously done, is also a mixed action; not only when given for double value against a man denying the fact, but sometimes, when the action is only for single value; as when a man hath killed a slave, who at the time of his death was lame, or wanted an eye, but had within the year, previous to his decease, been free from any defect, and of great price; for in this case the defendant is obliged to pay as much as the slave was worth at any time within the year preceding his death. (B. 4. t. 3.) A mixed action may also be brought against those, who have delayed to deliver a legacy, or gift in trust, given for the benefit of a church, or any other holy place, until they have been called before a magistrate for that purpose; for then they are compelled to deliver up the thing, or to pay the money bequeathed, and as much more, by way of penalty; and thus they are condemned in a double amount.

De mistis; id est, tam in rem, quam in

§ XX. Quædam actiones mistam causam obtinere videntur, tam in rem, quam in personam; qualis est familiæ erciscundæ actio, quæ competit cohæredibus de dividendâ hæreditate; item communi dividundo, quæ inter eos redditur, inter quos aliquid commune est, ut id dividatur; item finium regundorum actio, qua inter eos agitur, qui confines agros habent. In quibus tribus judiciis permittitur judici rem alicui ex litigatoribus ex bono et æquo adjudicare; et, si et, si unius pars prægravari videbitur, eum invicem certâ pecuniâ alteri condemnare.

Divisio

§ XXI. Omnes autem actiones vel in simplum concepte sunt, vel in duplum, vel in triplum, vel in quadruplum; ulterius autem nulla actio extenditur.

personam.

§ 20. Some actions, are also mixed as proceeding against the thing as well as against the Person : of

this sort is the action familiæ erciscundæ, which may be brought by co-heirs for the partition of their inheritance; the action de communi dividundo, given for the division of any particular things, which, exclusive of an inheritance, are in common: and likewise the action finium regundorum or an action of boundary, which takes place among owners of contiguous estates. And, in these three actions, it is wholly in the power of the judge to give the ground, or thing in dispute, to either of the parties litigant, and then to oblige that party, if necessity so require, to recompense his adversary, by paying him a sum certain, in amends for any inequality in the adjudication.

tertia.

§ 21. All actions are for the single, double, triple, or quadruple value of the thing in litigation; for no action extends farther.

De actionibus in simplum.

§ XXII. In simplum agitur, veluti ex stipulatione, ex mutui datione, ex empto, vendito, locato, conducto, mandato, et denique ex aliis quam plurimis causis.

§ 22. The single value is sued for, when an action is given upon a stipulation, a loan, a mandate, the contract of buying and selling, letting and hireing; and also upon several other accounts.

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