tur, summa divisio in duo genera deducitur aut enim in rem sunt, aut in personam: namque agit unusquisque aut cum eo, qui ei obligatus est, vel ex contractu, vel ex maleficio; quo casu proditæ sunt actiones in personam, per quas intendit, adversarium ei dare aut facere oportere, et aliis quibusdam modis: aut cum eo agit, qui nullo jure ei obligatus est, movet tamen alicui de aliqua re controversiam; quo casu proditæ actiones in rem sunt: veluti si rem corporalem possideat quis, quam Titius suam esse affirmet, possessor autem, dominum ejus se esse, dicat; nam, si Titius suam esse intendat, in rem actio est. be divided into real and personal; for the plaintiff must sue the defendant, either because the defendant is obligated to him by contract, or hath, been guilty of some mal-feasance; and, in this case, the action must be personal, in which the plaintiff alledges, that his adversary is bound to give, or to do something for his benefit; or some other matter, as the occasion requires: or otherwise, the plaintiff must sue the defendant, on account of some corporeal thing, when there is no obligation; in which case the action must be real as for example, if a man possess land, which Titius affirms to be his property, the other denying it, Titius must bring a real action for the recovery. De actione confessoriâ, et negatoriâ. § II. Æquè, si agat quis, jus sibi esse fundo fortè, vel ædibus utendi fruendi, vel per fundum vicini eundi agendi, vel ex fundo vicini aquam ducendi, in rem actio est. Ejusdem generis est actio de jure prædiorum urbanorum; veluti, si quis agat, jus sibi esse alțius ædes suas tollendi, prospiciendive, vel projiciendi aliquid, vel immittendi tignum in vicini ædes. Contra quoque de usufructu, et de servitutibus prædiorum rusticorum, item prædiorum urbanorum, invicem quoque proditæ sunt actiones; ut si quis intendat, jus non esse adversario utendi fruendi, eundi agendi, aquamve ducendi; item altius tollendi, prospiciendive, vel projici § 2. Also, if any man sue, alledg ing, that he has a right to the usufruct of a field, or house, or a right of driving his cattle, or of drawing water in the land of his neighbour, this is a real action. And an action relating to the rights of houses or city estates, which rights are called services, is also of the same kind; as when a man commences a suit, and alledges, that he has a right of prospect, a right to raise his house, a right of making a part of it project, or of laying the beams of his building upon his neighbour's walis. There are also actions different from these, which relate to usufructs, and the rights of country and city estates; as when the complainant álledges, that his endi, immittendive: istæ quoque actiones in rem sunt, sed negativæ; quod genus actionis in controver siis rerum corporalium proditum non est; nam in his is agit, qui non possidet; ei verò, qui possidet, non est actio prodita, per quam neget rem actoris esse. Sanè non uno casu, qui possidet, nihilominus is actoris partes obtinet; sicut in latioribus digestorum libris oppor/ tunius apparebit. adversary is not intitled to the usufruct of a particular ground, or to the right of passage, &c. &c. These actions are also real, but are negative in their nature, and cannot therefore be used in controversies respecting things corporeal, where the agent, or plaintiff, is the person out of possession: for a possessor can bring no action: there are however, many cases, in which a possessor may be obliged to act the part of a plaintiff; but we refer the reader to the books of the digests. De actionibus prætoriis realibus. III. Sed istæ quidem actiones, quarum mentionem habuimus, et si quæ sunt similes, ex legitimis et civilibus causis descendunt. Aliæ autem sunt, quas prætor ex suâ jurisdictione comparatas habet, tam in rem, quam in personam; quas et ipsas necessarium est exemplis ostendere : ut ecce, plerùmque ita permittit prætor in rem agere, ut vel actor dicat, se quasi usucepisse, quod non usuceperit, vel ex diverso possessor dicat, adversarium suum non usucepisse, quod usuceperit. s. The actions just mentioned and those of a similar nature, are derived from the civil law; but the prætor, by virtue of his jurisdiction, hath introduced other actions, both real and personal, of which it will be necessary to give some examples: for he often permits a real action to be brought, either by allowing the demandant to alledge, that he hath acquired by prescription, what he hath not so acquired; or, on the contrary, by permitting a former possessor to alledge, that his adversary hath not acquired by prescription, what, in reality, he hath so acquired. De Publicianâ. § IV. Namque, si cui ex justâ causâ res aliqua tradita fuerit, (veluti ex causâ emptionis, aut donationis, aut dotis, aut legatorum,) et necdum ejus rei dominus effectus est, siis ejus rei possessionem casu $4. If any thing should be delivered to or deposited with a man in trust upon some just account, as by reason of a purchase, a gift, a marriage, or a bequest, and the trustee should lose the possession, before he amiserit, nullam habet in rem directam actionem ad eam persequendam: quippe ita proditæ sunt jure civili actiones, ut quis dominium suum vindicet. Sed, quia sanè durum erat, eo casu deficere actionem, inventa est à prætore actio, in quâ dicit is, qui possessionem amisit, eam rem se usucepisse, quam usu non cepit, et ita vindicat suam esse: quæ actio Publiciana appellatur, quoniam primum à Publicio prætore in edicto proposita est. hath gained a property in the thing possessed, he could have no direct action for the recovery of it; inasmuch as real actions are given by law for the re-vindication of those things only, in which a man hath a vested property or dominion. But, it being hard, that an action should be wanting in such a case, the prætor hath supplied one, in which the person, who hath lost his possession, is allowed to prescribe to the thing in question, although he did not obtain it by prescription, and ke may thus recover. This action is called actio Publiciana, because it was first instituted by the edict of Publicius the prætor. De rescissoriâ. 6 V. Rursus ex diverso, si quis, cum reipublicæ causâ abesset, vel in hostium potestate esset, rem ejus, qui in civitate esset, usuceperit, permittitur domino, si possessor reipublicæ causâ abesse desierit, tunc intra annum rescissâ usucapione eam rem petere, id est, ita petere, ut dicat, possessorum usu non cepisse, et ob id suam rem esse. Quod genus actionis quibusdam et aliis simili æquitate motus prætor accommodat; sicut ex latiore digestorum seu pandectarum volumine intelligere licet. § 5. On the contrary, if any man, while abroad in the service of his country, or a prisoner in the hands of the enemy, should gain a prescriptive title to a thing, which belongs to another person resident at home, then the former proprietor is permitted within a year after the return of the possessor from public service, to bring an action against him, the prescriptive title being rescinded; and may alledge, that the possessor hath not effectually prescribed, so that the thing in litigation is his own. Under the same motive of equity the prætor hath adapted this species. of action to certain other persons, as we may learn more at large from the digests. U U De Paulianâ. VI. Item, si quis in fraudem creditorum rem suam alicui tradiderit, bonis ejus à creditoribus possessis ex sententiâ præsidis, permittitur ipsis creditoribus, rescissâ traditione, eam rem petere; id est, dicere eam rem traditam non esse, et ob id in bonis debitoris mansis se. § 6. If a debtor deliver any thing to some person in order to defraud his creditors, they are permitted, notwithstanding the delivery, to bring an action for the thing, if the possession hath been previously adjudged to them by an order of court: that is, they are allowed to plead, that the thing was not delivered, and of course, that it continues to be a part of their debtor's goods. 7. Also the action Serviana, and the action quasi - Serviana, (which is also called hypothecary,) take their rise from the prætor's jurisdiction. By the action Serviana, a suit may be commenced for the pro De Servianâ et quasi-Servianâ, seu hypothecariâ. VII. Item Serviana, et quasi Serviana, (quæ ètiam hypothecaria vocatur,) ex ipsius prætoris jurisdictione substantiam capiunt. Serviana autem experitur quis de rebus coloni, quæ pignoris jure pro mercedibus fundi ei tenentur. Qua-perty of a farmer, bound for rent. si Serviana autem est, qua creditores pignora hypothecasve persequuntur. Inter pignus autem et hypothecam, (quantum ad actionem hypothecariam attinet,) nihil interest; nam de quâ re inter creditorem et debitorem convenerit, ut sit pro debito obligata, utraque hac appellatione continetur; sed in aliis differentia est : nam pignoris appellatione eam propriè rem contineri dicimus, quæ simul etiam traditur creditori, maximè si mobilis sit: at eam, quæ sine traditione nudà conventione tenetur, propriè hypothecæ appellatione contineri dicimus. The action quasi-Serviana is that, by which a creditor may sue for a thing pledged or hypothecated to him; and, in regard to this action, there is no difference between a pledge and an hypotheque; though in other respects they differ; for, by the term pledge, is meant that, which hath actually been delivered to a creditor, especially if the thing was a moveable; hypothecation means the making any thing liable to a creditor by a nude agreement only, without delivery. De actionibus prætoriis personalibus. VIII. In personam quoque § 8. Personal actions have also actiones ex suâ jurisdictione propopositas habet prætor, veluti de pecuniâ constitutâ ; cui similis videbatur receptitia. Sed ex nostrâ constitutione, (cum, et si quid plenius habebat, hoc in actionem pecuniæ constitutæ transfusum est,) et ea quasi supervacua jussa est cum suâ auctoritate à nostris legibus, recedere. Item prætor proposuit actionem de peculio servorum, filiorumque familiarum; et eam, ex quâ quæritur, an actor juraverit; et alias complures. been introduced by the prætors, in consequence of their authority; as the action de pecunia constitutâ ; which much resembles that called receptitia, now taken away by our constitution, as unnecessary; and whatever advantageous matter it contained, we have comprized in the action de pecunia constituta. The prætors have likewise introduced the action concerning the peculium of slaves, and the sons of families; and also the action wherein the question is, whether the plaintiff hath mado oath of his debt; and many others. |