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gatio. Imperio magistratûs adoptamus eos easve, qui quæve in potestate parentum sunt; sive primum gradum liberorum obtineant, qualis est filius, filia; sive inferiorem, qualis est nepos, neptis, pronepos, proneptis.

Qui possunt adoptare

II. Sed hodiè, ex nostrà constitutione, cum filius-familias à patre naturali extraneæ personæ in adoptionem datur, jura patris naturalis minimè dissolvuntur; nec quicquam ad patrem adoptivum transit, nec in potestate ejus est: licet ab intestato jura successionis ei à nobis tributa sint. Si verò pater naturalis non extraneo, sed avo filii sui materno; vel si ipse pater naturalis fuerit emancipatus, etiam avo vel proavo simili modo paterno vel materno filium suum dederit in adoptionem; in hoc casu, quia concurrunt in unam personam et naturalia et adoptionis jura, manet stabile jus patris adoptivi, et naturali vinculo copulatum, et legitimo adoptionis modo constitutum, ut et in familiâ et in potestate hujusmodi patris adoptivi sit.

of adoption is called arrogation. But it is by the authority of the magistrate, that we adopt persons actually under the power of their parents, whether they are in the first degree, as sons and daughters; or in an inferior degree, as grand-children or great grand-children. filium-familias, vel non.

2. But now, by our constitution, when the son of a family is given in adoption by his natural father to a stranger, the power of the natural father is not dissolved, neither does any thing pass to the adoptive father, nor is the adopted son in his power, although we allow such son, the right of succession to his adoptive father dying intestate. But if a natural father should give his son in adoption, not to a stranger, but to the maternal grandfather of such son; or if a natural father, who has been emancipated, should give his son, begotten after emancipation to his paternal or 'maternal grandfather or great-grandfather, in this case, the rights of nature and adoption concurring, the power of the adoptive father is established both by natural ties and legal adoption, so that the adopted son would be not only in the family, but under the power of his adoptive father.

De arrogatione impuberis.

§ III. Cum autem impubes per principale rescriptum arrogatur, causâ cognitâ, arrogatio fieri permittitur et exquiritur causa arrogationis, an honesta sit, expediatque

§ 3. When any one, not arrived at puberty, is arrogated by the imperial rescript, inquiry is first made, whether the arrogation be justly founded, and expedient for the pupil:

pupillo? et cum quibusdam conditionibus arrogatio fit; id est, ut caveat arrogator personæ publicæ, si intra pubertatem pupillus decesserit, restituturum se bona illis, qui, si adoptio facta non esset, ad successionem ejus venturi essent. Item non aliter emancipare eum potest arrogator, nisi, causâ cognitâ, dignus emancipatione fuerit; et tunc sua bona ei reddat. Sed et, si decedens pater eum exhæredaverit, vel vivus sine justâ causâ emancipaverit, jubetur quartam partem ei bonorum suorum relinquere; vide licet, præter bona, quæ ad patrem adoptivum transtulit, et quorum commodum ei postea acquisivit.

for such arrogation is always made on certain conditions; the arrogator is obliged to give caution before a public notary, thereby binding himself, if the pupil should die within the age of puberty, to restore all the property of such pupil to those who would have succeeded him, if no adoption had been made. The arrogator also may not emancipate, unless on legal proof, that his arrogated son deserves emancipation; and even then he must restore the property belonging to such son. if a father, upon his death-bed, hath disinherited his arrogated son, or when in health hath emancipated him, without just cause, he is commanded to leave the fourth part of all his goods to the son, besides what the son brought to him at the time of arrogation, and acquired for him afterwards.

De ætate adoptantis et adoptati.

Also

IV. Minorem natu majorem § 4. A junior cannot adopt a se

non posse adoptare placet: adoptio enim naturam imitatur; et pro monstro est, ut major sit filius, quam pater. Debet itaque is, qui sibi filium per adoptionem aut arrogationem facit, plenâ pubertate [id est, decem et octo annis] præcedere.

nior; for adoption imitates nature; and it seems unnatural, that a son should be older than his father. He therefore, who would either adopt or arrogate, should be senior by full puberty, that is, by eighteen years.

De adoptione in locum nepotis vel neptis, vel deinceps. V. Licet autem et in locum nepotis vel neptis, pronepotis vel proneptis, vel deinceps, adoptare, quamvis filium quis non habeat.

§ 5. It is lawful to adopt a person either as a grand-son or granddaughter, great grand-son or great grand-daughter, or in a more distant degree, although the adoptor hath no

son.

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§ VIII. In plurimis autem causis assimulatur is, qui adoptatus vel arrogatus est, ei, qui ex legitimo matrimonio natus est; et ideò, si quis per imperatorem, vel apud prætorem, vel præsidem provinciæ, non extraneum adoptaverit, potest eundem in adoptionem alii dari.

Si is, qui generare 6IX. Sed et illud utriusque adoptionis commune est, quod et ii, qui generare non possunt, quales sunt spadones, adoptare possunt: castrati autem non possunt.

8. He who is either adopted or arrogated, bears similitude in many things to a son born in lawful matrimony; and therefore, if a person not a stranger is adopted either by rescript, or before a prætor, or the governor of a province, he may be given in adoption to another.

non potest, adoptet.

§ 9. It is common to both kinds of adoption, that such as are impotent [Spadones] may, but those who are castrated, can not adopt.

Si fœmina adoptet.

X. Fœminæ quoque arrogare non possunt, quia nec naturales liberos in suâ potestate habent: sed, ex indulgentiâ principis, ad solatium

10. Nor can women adopt ; for the law does not place even their own children, under their power: but, when death bath deprived them

liberorum amissorum adoptare pos- of their children, they may, by the

sunt.

indulgence of the prince, adopt others, as a comfort for their loss.

De liberis arrogatis.

§ XI. Illud proprium est adoptionis illius, quæ per sacrum oraculum fit, quod is, qui liberos in potestate habet, si se arrogandum dederit, non solum ipse potestati arrogatoris subjicitur, sed etiam liberi ejus fiunt in ejusdem potestate, tanquam nepotes. Sic etenim divus Augustus non ante Tiberium adoptavit, quam is Germanicum adoptasset ; ut protinus arrogatione factâ inciperet Germanicus Augusti nepos esse.

§ 11. It is peculiar to adoption by rescript, that, if a person, having children under his power, should give himself in arrogation, both he, as a son, and his children, as grandchildren, would become subject to the power of the arrogator. It was for this reason, that Augustus did not adopt Tiberius, 'till Tiberius had adopted Germanicus; so that Tiberius became the son, and Germanicus the grandson of Augustus, at the same instant, by arrogation.

De servo adoptato, vel filio nominato, à domino. § XII. Apud Catonem benè scriptum refert antiquitas, servos, si à domino adoptati sint, ex hoc ipso posse liberari. Unde et nos eruditi, in nostrâ constitutione, etiam eum servum, quem dominus, actis intervenientibus, filium suum nominaverit, liberum esse constituimus: licet hoc ad jus filii accipiendum non sufficiat.

12. The following answer of Cato was approved of by the ancient lawyers, viz. that slaves, adopted by their masters, obtain freedom by the adoption. Thus instructed, we have ordained, that a slave whom any master nominates to be his son, in the presence of a magistrate, becomes frec by such nomination, although it does not convey to him any filial right.

TITULUS DUODECIMUS.

QUIBUS MODIS JUS PATRIE POTESTATIS

SOLVITUR.

D. 1. T. 7. Nov. 81.

Scopus et nexus.

VIDEAMUS nunc, quibus modis ii, qui alieno juri sunt subjecti, eo jure liberentur. Et quidem, quemadmodum liberentur servi â potestate dominorum, ex iis intelligere possumus, quæ de servis manumittendis superius exposuimus: hi vero, qui in potestate parentis sunt, mortuo eo, sui juris fiunt. Sed hoc distinctionem recipit: nam, mortuo patre, sanè omnimodo filii, filiæve, sui juris efficiuntur: mortuo verò avo, non omnimodo nepotes, neptesve, sui juris fiunt: sed ita, si post mortem avi in potestatem patris sui recasuri non sunt. Itaque, si, moriente avo, pater eorum vivit, et in potestate patris sui est, tunc post obitum avi in potestate patris sui fiunt. Si verò is quo tempore avus moritur, aut jam mortuus est, aut per emancipationem exiit de potestate patris, tunc ii, qui in potestatem ejus cadere non possunt, sui juris fiunt.

De morte.

Let us now inquire how persons in subjection to others, can be freed. How slaves obtain their liberty, may be understood from what we have already said in treating of manumission: those who are under the power of a parent, become independent at his death; yet this rule admits of a distinction. When a father dies, his sons and daughters sons and daughters are, without doubt, independent; but, by the death of a grand-father, his grandchildren do not become independent, unless there is an impossibility of their ever falling under the power of their father. Therefore, if their father is alive at the death of their grand-father, in whose power the father was, they then become subject to the power of their father. But, if their father is either dead or emancipated before the death of their grand-father, they then can not fall under the power of their father, but become independent.

De deportatione.

§ I. Cum autem is, qui ob aliquod maleficium in insulam deportatur, civitatem amittit, sequitur, ut, qui eo modo ex numero civium Romanorum tollitur, perindè quasi co mortuo, desinant liberi in potestate

F

§ 1. If a man, upon conviction of some crime, is deported into an island, he loses the rights of a Roman citizen; and it follows, that the children of a person thus banished cease to be under his power, as if he

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