moria ejus damnata fuerit; suum enim hæredem habere non potest, cum fiscus ei succedat: sed potest dici, ipso quidem jure suum hæredem esse, sed desinere. se-majesty, whereby his memory is rendered infamous, and he can have no proper heir, all his possessions becoming forfeited to the treasury. But a son, in this case, may be said to have been the proper heir of his father, and afterwards to have ceas ed to be so. De divisione hæreditatis inter suos hæredes. § VI. Cum filius filiave et ex altero filio nepos neptisve existunt, paritèr ad hæreditatem avi vocantur, nec, qui gradu proximior est, ulteriorem excludit: æquum enim esse videtur, nepotes neptesve in patris sui locum succedere. Pari ratione et si nepos neptisve sit ex filio, et ex nepote pronepos proneptisve, simul vocantur. Et, quia placuit, Et, quia placuit, nepotes neptesve, item pronepotes proneptesve, in parentis sui locum succedere, conveniens esse visum est, non in capita, sed in stirpes, hæreditatem dividi; ut filius partem dimidiam hæreditatis habeat, et ex altero filio duo pluresve nepotes alteram dimidiam. Itèm, si ex duobus filiis, nepotes neptesve existant, ex altero unus aut duo fortè, ex altero tres aut quatuor, ad unum aut duos dimidia pars pertineat, ad tres vel quatuor altera dimidia. § 6. A son, a daughter, and a grandson or grand-daughter by another son, are called equally to the inheritance; nor does the nearest exclude the more remote; for it seems just, that grandsons and granddaughters should succeed in the place of their father. By like reason, a grandson or grand-daughter by a son, and a great-grandson or greatgrand-daughter by a grandson, are all called together. And since grandsons and grand-daughters, greatgrandsons and great-grand-daughters, succeed in place of their parent, it seemed convenient, that inheritances should not be divided into ca pita, but into stirpes: so that a son, should possess one half, and the grand-children, (however numerous) of another son, the other half of an inheritance. So, where there are grand-children by two sons, the one son leaving one or two children, and the other three or four, the inheritance must belong, half to the grandchild, or the two grand-children by the one son, and half to the three or four grand-children by the other son. tuto testamento. Quo tempore suitas spectatur. VII. Cum autem quæritur, an quis suus hæres existere possit, eo tempore quærendum est, quo certum est, aliquem sinè testamento decessisse; quod accidit et destiHac ratione, si filius exhæredatus fuerit et extraneus hæres institutus, et, filio mortuo, postea certum fuerit, hæredem institutum ex testamento non fieri hæredem, aut quia noluit esse hæres, aut quia non potuit, nepos avo suus hæres existet: quia, quo tempore certum est, intestatum decessisse patrem-familias, solus invenitur nepos: et hoc certum est. § 7. When it is asked, is such a man a proper heir? we must inquire at what time it was certain, that the deceased died without a testament; which happens, if his testament be relinquished. Thus, if a son be disinherited and a stranger instituted heir, and, after the death of the son, it becomes certain, that the instituted heir was not in fact the heir, either because he was unwilling, or unable, to accept the inheritance, in this case, the grandson of the deceased becomes the proper heir of his grandfather: for at the time, when it was certain, that the deceased died intestate, there was no other heir, but the grand-child; and this is evident. De nata post mortem avi, vel adoptato à filio emancipato. ý VIII. Et, licèt post mortem avi natus sit, tamèn avo vivo conceptus, mortuo patre ejus, posteaque deserto avi testamento, suus hæres efficitur. Planè, si et concéptus et natus fuerit post mortem avi, mortuo patre suo, desertoque postea avi testamento, suus hæres avo non existet; quia nullo jure cognationis patrem sui patris attigit: sed nec ille est inter liberos avi, quem filius emancipatus adoptavit. Hi autem, cum non sint, sui (quantum ad, hæreditatem,) liberi, neque bonorum possessionem petere 8. And although a child be born after the death of his grandfather, yet, if he were conceived in the lifetime of his grandfather, he will, at the death of his father and after his grandfather's testament is deserted by the instituted heir, become the proper heir of his grandfather. But a child both conceived and born after the death of his grandfather, could not become the proper heir, although his father should die and the testament of his grandfather be deserted; because he was never allied to his grandfather by any tie of cognation : possunt, quasi proximi cognati. Hæc neither is the adopted son of an emande suis hæredibus. cipated son, to be reckoned among the children of his adoptive father's father. So that the adopted children of an emancipated son, can neither become the proper heirs of their father's father in regard to the inheritance, nor demand the possession of goods as next of kin. Thus much concerning proper heirs. De liberis emancipatis. § 9. Emancipated children by the civil law have no right to the inheritances of their parents: for those are not proper heirs, who have ceas § IX. Emancipati autèm liberi jure civili nihil juris habent: nequè enim sui hæredes sunt, qui in potestate morientis esse desierunt, neque ullo alio jure per legem duo-ed to be under the power of their padecim tabularum vocantur. Sed prætor, naturali æquitate motus, dat eis bonorum possessionem unde liberi, perinde ac si in potestate parentis tempore mortis fuissent; sivè soli sint, sivè cum suis hæredibus concurrant. Itaque, duobus liberis existentibus, emancipato uno, et eo, qui tempore mortis in potestate fuerit, sanè quidem is, qui in potestate fuit, solus jure civili hæres est, et solus suus hæres; sed, cum emancipatus, beneficio prætoris, in partem admittitur, evenit, ut suus hæres pro parte hæres fiat. 2 rent deceased, before his death, neither are they called to inherit by any other right according to the law of the twelve tables. But the prætor, induced by natural equity, grants them possession of goods, by the edict beginning, unde liberi, as fully, as if they had been under power at the death of their parent; and this, whether they be scle, or mixed with others, who are proper heirs therefore, when there are two sons, one emancipated, and the other under power at his father's death, the latter, by the civil law, is alonę the heir, and alone the proper heir: but, when the emancipated son, by the indulgence of the prætor, is ad mitted to his share, then the proper heir becomes the heir only of his own moiety. Si emancipatus se dederit in adoptionem. § X. At hi, qui emancipati à pa- § 10. But they, who after emanrente in adoptionem se dederunt, cipation have given themselves in non admittuntur ad bona naturalis patris quasi liberi, si modò, cum is moreretur, in adoptivâ familiâ fuerint: nam vivo eo emancipati ab adoptivo patre perindè admittuntur ad bona naturalis patris, ac si emancipati ab ipso essent, nec unquam in adoptivi familia fuissent: et convenienter, quod adoptivum patrem pertinet, extraneorum loco esse incipiunt. Post mortem verò naturalis patris emancipati ab adoptivo patre, et, quantùm ad hunc adoptivum patrem pertinet, æque extraneorum loco fiunt, et, quantùm ad naturalis patris bona pertinet, nihilò magis liberorum gradum nanciscuntur. Quod ideò sic placuit, quia iniquum erat, esse in potestate patris adoptivi, ad quos bona naturalis patris pertineant, utrum ad liberos ejus, an ad agnatos. adoption, are not admitted, as chil dren, to the possession of the effects of their natural father, if, at the time of his death, they were in the adoptive family. But, if in the lifetime of their natural father, they were emancipated by their adoptive father, they are then admitted (by the prætor) to take the goods of their natural father, as if they had been emancipated by him, and had never entered into the family of the adoptor: consequently, in regard to their adoptive father, they are looked upon as mere strangers. But those, who are emancipated by their adoptive father, after the death of their natural father, are nevertheless reputed strangers to their adoptive father; and, in regard to the inheritance of their natural father, they are not at all the more intitled to reassume the rank of children. These rules of law have been established, inasmuch as it was unjust, that it should be in the power of an adoptor to determine at his pleasure, to whom the inheritance of a natural father should appertain, whether to his children, ar to his ag nates. Collatio filiorum naturalium et adoptivorum. § XI. Minùs ergo juris habent adoptivi filii, quam naturales: nam que naturales emancipati, beneficio pretoris gradum liberorum retinent, licèt jure civili perdant. Adoptivi verò emancipati et jure civili perdunt gradum liberorum, et à prætore non admittuntur; et rectè. Naturalia enim jura civilis ratio perimere non potest; nec, quia § 11. Adopted children have therefore fewer rights and privileges, than natural children; who, even after emancipation, retain the rank of children by the indulgence of the prætor, although they lose it by the civil law: but adopted children, when emancipated, lose the rank of children by the civil law, and are denied admittance into the rank of chil tesve esse. `desinunt sui hæredes esse, possunt desinere filii filiave, nepotes nepAdoptivi verò emancipati extraneorum loco incipiunt esse; quia jus nomenque filii filiæve, quod per adoptionem consecuti sunt, aliâ civili ratione, id est, emancipatione, perdunt. dren by the prætor; and properly for civil policy can not destroy natural rights; nor can natural children ever cease to be sons and daughters, grandsons and grand-daughters, although they may cease to be proper heirs: but adopted children, when emancipated, become instantly strangers; for the right and name of son or daughter, obtained by the civil right of adoption, may be destroyed by the civil right of emancipation. De bonorum possessione contra tabulas. § XII. Eadem hæc observantur et in eâ bonorum possessione, quam contra tabulas testamenti parentis liberis præteritis, id est, neque hæredibus institutis, neque, ut oportet, exhæredatis, prætor pollicetur. Nam eos quidem, qui in potestate, mortis tempore fuerint, et emancipatos, vocat prætor ad eandem bonorum possessionem ; eos verò, qui in adoptivâ familià fuerint per hoc tempus, quo naturalis parens moreretur, repellit. Item adoptivos liberos, emancipatos ab adoptivo patre, sicut nec ab intestato, ita longè minùs contra tabulas testamenti, ad bona ejus admittit; quia desinunt in numero liberorum ejus esse. § 12. The same rules are obser- . ved as to that possession of goods, which the prætor, contrary to the testament of the parent, grants to children, not mentioned therein that is, who are neither instituted heirs, nor properly disinherited. For the prætor calls those, who were under power at the death of their parents, and those also, who are emancipated, to the same possession of goods; but he repels those, who were in an adoptive family at the decease of their natural parents. And, as the prætor admits not such adopted children, as have been emancipated by their adoptive father, to succeed him ab intestato, much less does he admit such children to possess the goods of their adoptive father contrary to his testament; for, by emancipation, they cease to be in the number of his children. Unde cognati. § XIII. Admonendi tamen su 13. We must nevertheless obmus, eos, qui in aliena familia sunt, serve, that, although those, who |