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III. Sin autèm quis ita formidolosus sit, ut timeat, ne filius suus pupillus adhuc ex eo, quod palàm substitutum acceperit, post obitum ejus periculo insidiarum subjaceat, vulgarem quidem substitutionem palàm facere, et iu primis testamenti partibus ordinare, debet: illam autem substitutionem, per quam, si hæres extiterit pupillus et intra pubertatem decesserit, substitutus vocatur, separatim in inferioribus partibus scribere debet, eamque partem proprio lino propriaque cerà consignare: et in priore parte testamenti cavere, ne inferiores tabuke, vivo filio et adhuc impubere, aperiantur. Illud palàm est, non ideò minus valere substitutionem impuberis filii, quod in iisdem tabulis scripta sit, quibus sibi quisque hæredem instituisset; quamvis pu-pillo hoc periculosum sit.

§3. If a testator be apprehensive, lest, at his death, his son, being yet a pupil, should be liable to imposition if a substitute should be publicly given to him, he ought to insert a vulgar substitution in the first tablet of his testament; and to write that substitution, in which a substitute is named, if his son should die within puberty, in the lower tablet, which ought to be separately tied up and sealed: it behoves him also to insert a clause in the first part of his testament, forbidding the lower part to be opened, while his son is alive, and within the age of puber ty. A substitution to a son within puberty is valid, although written on the same tablet, in which the testa tor hath appointed him his heir; it is however unsafe to the pupil.

Quibus substituitur.

§ IV. Non solùm tamen hæredibus institutis impuberibus liberis ita substituere parentes possunt, ut, si hæredes eis extiterint, et ante pubertatem mortui fuerint, sit eis hæres is, quem ipsi voluerint; sed etiam exhæredatis. Itaque eo casu, si quid exhæredato pupillo ex hæreditatibus, legatisve, aut donationibus propinquorum atque amicorum, acquisitum fuerit, id omne ad substitutum pertinebit. Quæcunque diximus de substitutione impuberum liberorum, vel hæredum institutorum, vel exhæredatorum, eadem etiam de posthumis intelligimus.

4. Parents may not only substitute to their children within puberty, if such children become their heirs, and die within puberty; but they may substitute to their disinherited children; and therefore, whatever a disinherited child, within the age of puberty, may have acquired by inheritances, by legacies, or by the gift of relations and friends, the whole will become the property of the substitute. All we have said concerning the substitution of pupils, instituted heirs, or disinherited children, is understood to extend also to posthumous children.

Pupillare testamentum sequela paterni.

§ V. Liberis autem suis testamentum nemo facere potest, nisi et sibi faciat ; nam pupillare testamentum pars et sequela est paterni testamenti adeò ut, si patris testamentum non valeat, nec filii quiIdem valebit.

:

Quot liberis

§ VI. Vel singulis autem liberis, vel ei, qui eorum novissimus impubes morietur, substitui potest. Singulis quidem, si neminem eorum intestatum decedere voluerit: novissimo, si jus legitimarum hæreditatum integrum inter eos custodiri velit.

§ 5. No parent can make a testament for his children, unless he hath made a testament for himself: for the pupillary testament is a part and consequence of the testament of the parent, insomuch that, if the testament of the father be not valid, neither will that of the son.

substituitur.

§ 6. A parent may make a pupillary substitution to each of his children, or to him, who shall die the last within puberty. To each, if he be unwilling, that any of them should die intestate; to the last who shall die within puberty, if he wish that they should preserve among them the intire right of succession.

De substitutione nominatim aut generalitèr factâ.

§ VII. Substituitur autem impu- § 7. A substitution may be made

beri aut nominatim, veluti, Titius hæres esto: aut generalitèr, ut, Quisquis mihi hæres erit. Quibus verbis vocantur ex substitutione, impubere mortuo filio, illi, qui et scripti sunt hæredes, et extiterunt, et pro quà parte hæredes facti sunt.

to a child within puberty, by name, as, let TITIUS be heir; or generally-Whoever shall be my heir, let him be substitute to my son, if he die within puberty. By these words, all, who have been instituted, and acted as heirs to the father, are called, by substitution, to the inheritance of the son, if he should die within puberty, in proportion to the share assigned to each in the father's will.

Quomodo substitutio pupillaris finitur.

§ VIII. Masculo igitur usque ad quatuordecim annos substitui potest: fœminæ usque ad duodecim annos. Et, si hoc tempus excesserint, substitutio evanescit.

8. A pupillary substitution may be made to males, until they reach fourteen; and to females, until they have completed their twelfth year : after which the substitution becomes extinct.

Quibus pupillaritèr non substituitur.

§ IX. Extraneo verò vel filio puberi hæredi instituto ita substituere nemo potest, ut, si hæres extiterit, et intra aliquod tempus decesserit, alius ei sit hæres : sed hoc solùm permissum est, ut eum per fideicommissum testator obliget alii hæreditatem ejus vel totam vel pro parte restituere: quod jus quale sit, suo loco trademus.

§ 9. A pupillary substitution cannot be made either to an instituted stranger, or instituted son, if past the age of puberty. But a testator may oblige his heir to give to another a part, or even the whole of the inheritance, by virtue of a fidei-commissum, or gift in trust; which we will treat of in its proper place.

TITULUS DECIMUS-SEPTIMUS.

QUIBUS MODIS TESTAMENTA INFIRMANTUR.

D. xxviii. T. 3.

Quibus modis testame ta infirmantur.

TESTAMENTUM jure factum usque eò valet, donec rumpatur, irritumve fiat.

A testament, legally made, remains valid, until it be either broken, or rendered ineffectual.

Quando testamentum dicatur rumpi. § I. Rumpitur autem testamentum, cum, in eodem statu manente testatore, ipsius testamenti jus vitiatur. Si quis enim post factum testamentum adoptaverit sibi filium per imperatorum eum, qui est sui juris, aut per prætorem, secundùm nostram constitutionem, eum, qui in potestate parentis fuerit, testamentum ejus rumpitur quasi agnatione sui hæredis.

De posteriore

§ II. Posteriore quoque testamento, quod jure perfectum est, superius rumpitur; nec interest, extiterit aliquis hæres ex eo, an non; hoc enim solùm spectatur, an aliquo casu existere potuerit. IdeòIdeòque, si quis aut noluerit hæres esse, aut vivo testatore, aut post mortem ejus, antequam hæreditatem adiret, decesserit, aut conditione, sub quâ hæres institutus est, defectus sit, in his casibus pater-familias intestatus moritur. Nam et prius testamen

Primum de adoptione,

1. A testament is broken, when the force of it is destroyed, while the testator still remains in the same state. For, if, after making his testament he should arrogate an independent person, by licence from the emperor, or, in the presence of the prætor should adopt a child under the power of his natural parent, by virtue of our constitution, then that testament would be broken by this agnation or quasi-birth of a proper

heir.

testamento.

§ 2. A former testament, may be broken by a subsequent one legally made, nor is it material, whether any heir, be nominated in the latter or not; for the only question is, whether an heir might have been made : therefore, if an instituted heir should renounce, or should die, living the testator; or after his death, and before he could enter upon the inheritance; or before the condition is accomplished, upon which he was instituted; in any of these cases, the

tum non valet, ruptum à posteriore; et posterius æque nullas vires habet, eum ex eo nemo hæres extiterit.

testator would die intestate; for the first testament would be invalid, being broken by the second, and the second would be of as little force, for want of an heir.

De posteriore, in quo hæres certæ rei institutus. III. Sed, si quis, priore testamento jure perfecto, posterius æque jure fecerit, etiamsi ex certis rebus in eo hæredem instituerit, superius tamen testamentum sublatum esse, Divi Severus et Antoninus Augusti rescripserunt; cujus constitutionis verba et hic inseri jussimus, cum aliud quoque præterea in ea constitutione expressum sit. Imperatores Severus et Antoninus Augusti Cocceio Campano. Testamentum secundo loco factum, licet in eo certarum rerum hæres scriptus sit, perinde jure valere, ac si rerum mentio facta non esset: sed et teneri hæredem scriptum, ut contentus rebus sibi datis, aut suppleta quarta ex lege Falcidia, hæreditatem restituat his qui in priore testamento scripti fuerant, propter inserta fidei-commissi verba, quibus ut valeret prius testamentum expressum est, dubitari non oportet. Et ruptum quidem testamentum hoc modo efficitur.

§ 3. If a man, having duly executed one testament, should make another equally good, and institute an heir in it to some particular things only, the emperors Severus and Antoninus have by rescript declared, that, in this case, the first will shall be considered as broken. We have commanded the words of this constitution to be here inserted, as it contains a further provision. The emperors Severus and Antoninus to Cocceius Campanus. A second testament, although the heir named in it, be instituted to particular things only, shall be as valid, as if they had not been specified; yet doubtless, the written heir must content himself either with the things given him, or with the fourth part, allowed by the Falcidian law, and shall be bound to restore the rest of the inheritance to the heirs. instituted in the first testament, on account of words, denoting a trust, inserted in the second: by which words it is declared, that the first testament shall subsist. And, in this manner, a testament may be said to be broken or cancelled.

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