servum defraudari, et ex eo humanioribus quidem dominis damnum inferri, severioribus autem dominis lucrum accedere, hoc, quasi invidiâ plenum, pio remedio per nostram constitutionem mederi necessarium duximus; et invenimus viam, per quam manumissor, et socius ejus, et qui libertatem accepit, nostro beneficio fruantur, libertate cum effectu procedente, (cujus favore antiquos legum latores multa etiam contra communes regulas statuisse manifestum est,) et eo, qui eam libertatem imposuit, suæ liberalitatis stabilitate gaudente, et socio indemni conservato, pretiumque servi secundùm partem dominii, quod nos definivimus, accipi

ente.

affords a bad example, that a man should be defrauded of his liberty, and that the most humane masters, should suffer loss, while the most severe receive emolument, we have thought it necessary, to administer a humane remedy to this grievance; and have devised means by which the manumittor, his co-partner, and the freed person, may all partake of our beneficence: for we have decreed, (and clearly our ancient legislators have often set aside the strict rules of law in favour of liberty,) that freedom, although granted by one partner only, shall immediately take effect: so that the manumittor shall have reason to be pleased with the validity of his gift, if his co-partner be indemnified by receiving his share of the worth of the slave.

TITULUS OCTAVUS.

QUIBUS ALIENARE LICET, VEL NON LICET.

De marito, qui, licet fundi dotalis dominus sit, alienare nequit.

ACCIDIT aliquandò, ut, qui doSometimes the proprietor of a minus rei sit, alienare non possit: thing may not alien it, while one et contrà qui dominus non sit, alie- who is not proprietor, may: for nandæ rei potestatem habeat. Nam example, by the law Julia, a husband dotale prædium maritus, invità is forbidden to alienate lands, which muliere, per legem Juliam prohibe- came to him in right of his wife, withtur alienare; quamvis ipsius sit, out her consent; although given to dotis causâ ei datum : quod nos, le- him, as a marriage portion. But, in gem Juliam corrigentes, in melio- this respect, we have corrected and arem statum deduximus. Cum emended the law Julia; for, as this nim lex in solis tantummodò rebus law regards only possessions, situa

locum habebat, quæ Italicæ fuerant, et alienationes inhibebat, quæ invitâ muliere fiebant, hypothecas autem earum rerum etiam volente eâ utrique remedium imposuimus, ut etiam in eas res, quæ in provinciali solo positæ sunt, interdicta sit alie natio vel obligatio, ut neutrum eorum neque consentientibus mulieribus procedat: ne sexûs muliebris fragilitas, in perniciem substantiæ

earum convertatur.

ted in Italy, and although it inhibits the husband to mortgage such possessions, even with the consent of his wife, yet it permits him, with her consent to alienate, we have provided a remedy for both cases; so that now, no husband can alien or mortgage, even with consent of his wife, any property provincial, or Italian, obtained with her, as a marriage portion; lest the frailty of women should occasion the ruin of their for

tunes.

De creditore, qui, licet non sit dominus, tamen alienare pignus

potest.

§ I. Contrà autem creditor pig- 1. But a creditor, may by comnus, ex pactione, quamvis ejus ea res non sit, alienare potest. Sed hoc forsitan ideò videtur fieri, quod voluntate debitoris intelligitur pignus alienari, qui ab initio contractûs pactus est, ut liceret creditcri pignus vendere, si pecunia non solvatur. Sed, ne creditores jus suum persequi impedirentur, neque debitores temerè suarum rerum dominium amittere viderentur, nostrâ constitutione consultum est, et certus modus impositus est, per quem, pignorum distractio possit procedere; cujus tenore utrique parti, creditorum et debitorum satis abundèque provisum est.

pact alien a pledge, although not his own property; yet this seems no otherwise allowable, than because the pledge is understood to be aliened by consent of the debtor, who covenanted at the commencement of the contract, that the creditor might sell the pledge, if the loan was not repaid, But, lest creditors should be impeded from prosecuting their just claims, and debtors too hastily deprived of their property, it is provided for in our ordinance, and a certain method appointed, by which the sale of pledges may be made: and, ample care hath been taken, in respect both of creditors and debtors."

De pupillo, qui, licet dominus, non tamen siné tutoris auctoritate alienare potest.

§ II. Nunc admonendi sumus, neque pupillum, neque pupillam, ulJam rem sinè tutoris auctoritate alienare posse: ideòque, si mutu

P

§ 2. It must now be observed, that no pupil, male or female, can alien any thing without the authority of a tutor and therefore, if a pupil,

am pecuniam sinè tutoris auctoritate alicui dederit, non contrahit obligationem: quia pecuniam non facit accipientis: ideòque vindicari nummi possunt, sicubi extant. Sed, si nummi, quos mutuo minor dederit, ab eo, qui accepit, bona fide consumpti sunt, condici possunt si mala fide, ad exhibendum de his agi potest.

without such authority lend money to any man, the pupil acquires no obligation: for he cannot vest in the receiver the property of the money, which may be claimed by vindication, if it still exist. But if money, lent by a minor, be consumed by the borrower, bonâ fide, (i. e. believing the lender was of full age) it may be recovered from such borrower by condiction; if mala fide, an action ad exhibendum will lie against him.

Continuatio.

§ 3. On the contrary, property may be transferred to pupils, male or female, without the authority of their tutors: yet, if a debtor make payment to a pupil, he should be warranted by the authority of the tutor, otherwise he will not be acquitted of the debt: and this, for an evident reason, was ordained by a constitution, which we promulged to the advocates of Cæsarea, at the sugges

§ III. At ex contrario omnes res pupillo et pupillæ sinè tutoris auctoritate rectè dari possunt: ideèque, si debitor pupillo solvat, necessaria est debitori tutoris auctoritas; alioqui non liberabitur. Sed hoc etiam evidentissimâ ratione statutum est in constitutione, quam ad Cæsarienses advocatos ex suggestione Triboniani, viri eminentissimi, quæstoris sacri palatii nostri, promulgavimus: quà disposition of that most eminent man Tritum est, ita licere tutori vel curatori debitorem pupillarem solvere, ut priùs judicialis sententia sinè omni damno celebrata, hoc permittat: quo subsecuto, si et judex pronunciaverit, et debitor solverit, sequatur hujusmodi solutionem plenissima securitas. Sin autem alitèr quam disposuimus, solutio facta fuerit, pecuniam autem salvam habeat pupillus, aut ex eâ locupletior sit, et adhuc eandem pecuniæ summam petat, per exceptionem doli mali poterit submoveri. Quod

1

bonian, the questor of our sacred palace: whereby it is enacted, that the debtor of a minor may pay over to the tutor or curator, under a judicial decree, permitting the payment previously obtained without expense to the minor: for, when the debt is paid under the decree of a judge, it is attended with the fullest security. But, although money hath been paid to a pupil, otherwise than we have ardained, yet, if he be really enrich ed by the payment, and hath preserved the money, and should after

§ I. Igitur liberi vestri utriusque 1. Anciently whatever came to sexus, quos in potestate habetis, children, male or female, under powolim quidem quicquid ad eos per- er of their parents, was acquired

De emancipatione liberorum.