inhabitants, and is one of the most commercial places in Holstein. The canal connecting the Eyder with the bay of Kiel has greatly increased its commerce.

Schelswick is the capital of the province or dutchy of the same name, and is situated at the bottom of a very deep, narrow gulf, called the Gulf of Sley. It is an irregular town of great length, containing 1280 houses, and 5629 inhabitants. The houses are of brick, and resemble, in their neatness and forms, those of Holland; the inhabitants speak Dutch, German, and Danish.

Odensee is the capital of the island of Funcn, and stands on a small river, one mile from its entrance into the Bay of Stegestrand. Inhabitants 5363; houses 930. Its exports are grain and leather. Aalborg stands ahout 10 miles from the Scager-Rack; on the S. side of the extensive Gulf of Lymfort. The harbor is safe and

deep, and the chief exports herrings and grain. It has extensive manufactures of muskets, pistols, saddles, and gloves. Inhabitants 5200; houses 831. Lat. 57 2 32 N.; Long. 10 2 11 E.

Aarhuus stands between the Baltic and a small lake, from which a river runs through the town. It has 6 gates, 2 churches, 2 markets, a college, a free school, and a hospital. Inhabitants 4900, houses 690. Lat. 56 9 35; lon. 10 19 35.

Gluckstadt, about 20 miles from the mouth of the Elbe, contains 800 houses, and 4500 inhabitants. Lat. 53 47 42 N. Long. 9 32 32 E.

Tonningen, on the Eyder, is a town of considerable commercial importance. Inhabitants 2000.

Inland Navigation. The chief inland navigation of Denmark is the canal of Kiel. This canal 20 miles in length, unites the Bay of Kiel, an arm of the Baltic, with the Eyder, which flows into the German sea. Vessels of about 120 tons pass it. It was begun in July, 1777, and finished in 1785.

Manufactures and Commerce. Leather is manufactured for exportation in great quantities, particularly at Altona. The earthen ware of Aarhuus and Ripen supplies Denmark, and many parts of Germany. The manufactures of calicoes and cottons, at Copenhagen, prevent the necessity of importation; as do those of worsted stockings in Jutland, Ferro, and Iceland. The army is fully supplied with muskets, bayonets and sabres, by a manufactory near Elsineur; 3500 muskets are made there annually. There is a very extensive one of cannon, cannon-balls, salt-petre, and gunpowder, at Frederickswark, near Isefiord Bay. Ribbanda and silk stockings are made in great quantities at Copenhagen and Altona. Two thirds of the coarse linen and most of the sail cloth and paper is made in the country, and a considerable part of the woollen cloth; but almost all the fine linen is imported. The thread lace manufacture of Tondern gives employment to 10,000 hands. The manufactures of Denmark have been nobly patronized by the government.

The number of merchant vessels belonging to Denmark in 1799 was 2173, which are employed in trade with Iceland,

Greenland, the West Indies, the Mediterranean, Great Britain, and other parts of the world.

The exports of Denmark consist of corn, horses, oxen, live hogs, and bacon; and salt-beef, butter, and cheese, in considerable quantities, besides the various manufactures already mentioned. The great trading places are Copenhagen, Altona, Elsineur, Aalborg, Flensborg, Gluckstadt, and Colding.

Climate and Seasons. Denmark proper, may be considered as possessing a humid and rather a temperate climate. Yet the winter is sometimes of extreme severity, and the sea is impeded with ice. The Sound has, at times, been crossed by heavy loaded car riages.

Face of the Country. The isle of Zealand, exclusive of the windings and indentations of the coast, is a fertile and pleasant country, with fields separated by mud walls, cottages either of brick or white-washed, woods of beech and oak, vales, and gentle hills. The same description will apply to Funen, which Mr. Marshall says is as well cultivated as most of the counties in England. Holstein and Sleswic are also level countries; Jutland has fertile pastures and extensive forests. The western coast of Sleswic is exposed to the inroads of the German ocean, and is therefore kept imbanked at a very great expensc. The country generally is a greeably diversified with woods and lakes.

Soil and Agriculture. In Funen, Holstein, and the south of Jutland, the agriculture may be compared with that of England. Rye, barley and oats are found every where. But wheat is the great staple of Denmark, great quantities of which are exported. In 1780, the country contained 847,000 sheep.

Rivers and Bays. The Eyder is navigable for vessels of 120 tons 7 miles above Rendsburg, which is 60 miles from its mouth. It falls into the German ocean through the bay of Tonningen. The Elbe bounds Holstein on the S.

DANISH ISLANDS.

The prime seat of the Danish monarchy having ever been in the isles of Zealand, and Funen, they have been considered in the general description of the monarchy. The other principal islands in that group are Moen, Falster, Laaland, Langeland, Femeren, Alsen, and Bornholm, and the Ferro islands.

The Ferro, Faro or Faroes islands are 22 in number, lying be tween lat. 61 15 and 62 21 N. and extending 67 miles from N. to S. and 45 from E. to W. They consist of a group of steep rocks or hills lying so close to each other, that their bases are merely separated by a brook. Toward the sea they generally terminate in perpendicular rocks from 1200 to 1800 feet in height. Those declining more gradually have two or three sloping terraces, formed by projecting rocks, and covered with grass. Those parts which are arable have no where more than 4 feet depth of soil, lying upon a rocky bottom, often not more than 8 inches; and often the sides are so steep that no earth can remain on them, Seven

teen of these islands are inhabited. They were first peopled in the 9th century by some Norwegian pirates, who were reduced to obedience by Magnus the Good. The population in 1801 was 5265, and the revenue in 1790, 6391. 88. sterling. The inhabitants enjoy peculiar freedom. They live principally by fishing. The islands compose 7 parishes, divided into 39 congregations with each its church. There is a clergyman in each parish. The largest income is 257. sterling. At one island it is necessary to hoist the clergyman by a rope from his boat, there being no other landing. There is no schoolmaster in the islands; parents instruct their own children. All can read. They are remarkably well instructed in the Christian religion, and often thoroughly acquainted with the Bible. The men dress plainly; the women are fond of ornaments. They are remarkably kind and upright in cases of shipwreck.

SWEDEN.

Extent. THE kingdom of Sweden, from lat. 55 20 N. to lat. 69 30 N. is 1000 miles in length. The average breadth at present is about 220. The number of square miles in Sweden, including Finland, according to Hassel, is 288,160; from which deducting those of Finland, there will remain for Sweden 188,433 square miles.

Boundaries. Sweden is bounded N. by Norway; E. partly by Russia, principally by the Baltic; S. by the Baltic; W. by the Cattegat, Norway, and, for a small distance, by the Atlantic. Divisions. Sweden is divided into four great districts, or gove ernments, viz.

1. Gothland.

2. Sweden Proper.

3. Norland..
4. Lapland.

Sweden possesses the island of St. Bartholomew in the WestIndies.

Finland, which was formerly a part of Sweden, now belongs to Russia, Swedish Pomerania, also, a small territory on the coast of Upper Saxony, containing 1440 square miles, and 103,345 inhabitants, belongs to this government.

Historical Epochs. The following seem to constitute the chief. historical epochs of Sweden;

1. The early population by the Fins and Laplanders.

2. The conquest by the Goths.

3. The conquest of Denmark by Olaf II. about the year 900. 4. The partial conversion of Sweden to Christianity in the reign of Olaf HI. A. D. 1000.

5. The Swedes, discontented with their king, Albert of Mecklenburg, in 1388 elect as their sovereign Margaret, heiress of Denmark and Norway. Thus ended the Folkungian race and by the celebrated treaty of Colmar, A. D. 1397, the three kingdoms of the north were supposed to be united for ever. But after

the death of Margaret in 1412, the Swedes began to struggle for their liberty; and in 1449 Karl or Charles VIII. was elected king of Sweden.

6. The struggles between Denmark and Sweden, till the cruel and tyrannic reign of Christiern II. king of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

7. Tyrants are the fathers of freedem. Gustaf Wase, whom we style Gustavus Vasa, delivers his country from the Danish yoke, after a contest which forms one of the most interesting portions of modern history. The revolt may be considered as having commenced when Gustaf appeared at Mora in Dalecarlia, A. D. 1520, and completed three years afterwards, when he entered Stockholm in triumph. Dissatisfied with the power of the clergy, which had repeatedly subjugated the kingdom to Denmark, this great prince, 1527, introduced the reformed religion, and died in his seventieth year, September, 1560, after a glorious reign of 37 years.

8. The reign of Gustaf Adolph, or Gustavus Adolphus, A. D. 1611-1631. Austria, Spain, and the other Catholic kingdoms, having conspired to extirpate the Protestant religion in Germany, this king was invited to assist the reformed, and carried his victorious arms to the Rhine and the Danube.

9. The reign of Charles XI. 1660-1697, when the arts and sciences began to flourish, and the power of the kingdom was carried to its utmost height. This reign of solid beneficence was followed by the calamitous sway of that madman Charles XII.

10. After the weak reign of Charles XII. Sweden sunk into political humiliation; and is now regarded as little better than a province of France, to which disgrace the Swedish aristocracy as naturally tends as that of Poland.

11. On the 10th of May, 1809, Gustavus IV. the reigning monarch, was dethroned, by the intrigues of France. His uncle, the Duke of Sudermania, was appointed to succeed him. Bernadotte, a marshal of France, was soon after elected CROWN PRINCE.

Religion. The established religion is the Lutheran. There are 14 dioceses. The revenues of Upsala and Woesteras are about 1000 sterling per ann. Those of the lowest bishoprics about £300. The subordinate clergy are deans, archdeacons, rectors, and perpetual curates. The parishes are estimated at 2537; the curates at 1378; with 134 rectors, 192 inspectors. Some of the parishes are very extensive.

Government. The government of Sweden is a limited, hereditary monarchy. The supreme power is in the diet, which is composed of the king and the states. The king has the command of the army and navy, fills up all commissions, nominates to all civil offices, and appoints the judges of the various courts. He alone convenes and dissolves the states, has the disposal of the public money, declares war and makes peace. The power of making laws and of laying taxes, is ves ed in the diet, and the king cannot do either without the consent of the states. The states are composed of four houses: 1. The House of Nobles. 2. The House

of the Clergy. 3. The House of Citizens. 4. The House of Peasants.

Population. The number of inhabitants in Sweden, including

Finland, was, in

The number of males in 1776 was 1,284,989, and of females, 1,386,962. Of the population in 1800, 12,068 were of the order of the nobility; 16,434 of the clergy; 7126 students; 1275 of the wholesale merchants; 17,233 retailers; 2605 of the manufacturers; 87,434 mechanics; 19,653 of the seafaring men; 188,734 of the army and navy; and 356,581 of other descriptions.

The population of the various provinces in 1800 was as follows.

As Finland now belongs to Russia, the population of Sweden, exclusive of that province, is 2,347,301, or about 12-5 to the square mile.

Army. The Swedish army consists of national and regular troops to the number of 53,035, viz.

These were under the direction of 1 High Admiral, 1 Admiral 6 Vice-Admirals, and 11 Rear-Admirals.

The whole fleet was manned by 1500 marines and 7200 seamen, with a reserve of 8000 for a time of war; and carried 2760,

cannon.

Besides these, the galley fleet consisted of 200 sail in 5 squadrons, defended by 2706 soldiers. This is called the fleet of the army, and is used in transporting them across the Baltic.

Revenue. The revenue in 1809 is stated by Hassel at 6,000,000. Swedish rix-dollars, which at 58. sterling, cach, is £1,500,000 sterling. This arises chiefly from duties, royal demesnes, poll