few of the Tuscaroras only, who live in Bertie county, amounting, in 1790, only to about 60 souls.

History. North Carolina was early discovered, and the first English colony ever planted in America was settled on the island of Roanoke, in Pamlico sound, in 1585. The next year the colony returned to England. This country was included in the territories granted by charter at various times under the names just recited.

The first permanent settlement was made on the eastern bank of the Chowan, and called Albemarle, in honor of gen. Monk, The emigrants came from Nansemond, in Virginia, and settled here about 1660.

In 1669, the first assembly was constituted and convened at Albemarle. The first assembly for the whole province met at Charlestown in 1674.

The crown purchased the whole of Carolina of the proprietors, in 1729, for 17,500l. sterling; and the king immediately divided it into two provinces.

In 1769, this province resisted the oppressions of the ministry. Two years afterwards, about 1500 of the inhabitants, assuming the name of regulators, rose in rebellion. Gov. Tryon fought and defeated them: 300 were killed in the battle, and, of those taken, 12 were condemned for high treason, and 6 executed.

Religion. The western parts of the state are settled by Presbyterians from Pennsylvania, the descendants of Scotch-Irish emigrants. Almost all the country between the Catawba and Yadkin, as well as that lying on those rivers, is thus peopled. A few settlements of German Lutherans and Calvinists are intermixed. There are some Presbyterians also in the lower country. The Moravians, in 1751, purchased a tract of 100,000 acres of lord Granville. It lies between the Dan and Yadkin, is called Wachovia, and contains a number of flourishing villages, the three largest of which are Salem, Bethany, and Bethabara.

The Friends have a settlement in New-Garden, and congrega tions at Perquimens, Pasquotank, and Crane creek.

The Methodists and Baptists are numerous in the middle country, and considerably so in the lower districts. The numbers of the first are much greater than those of any other in the state.

Government. The legislature is styled the general assembly, and consists of a senate and house of commons. The senators are chos-> en annually, one from each county, and must possess 300 acres of land, and have resided the preceding year in the county. The members of the house of commons are chosen annually, two from each county, and one from each of six towns, and must have resided there the preceding year, and be possessed of 100 acres of land. Voters for senators must possess 50 acres, and have resided in the county one year. Voters for commoners must have resided one year, and paid taxes.

The governor is chosen annually by a joint ballot of both houses; and is eligible 3 years in 6. He must be 30 years of age, have a freehold worth $1000, and have resided in the state 5 years. The

executive council consists of 7 persons chosen annually, by a joint ballot of the two houses.

The items of the census of 1810 were as follow:

Militia. The number of fencible men in this state may be estimated at about 60,000, organized as in Virginia.

Manners and Customs. The North-Carolinians are mostly planters, and live from a half a mile to three and four miles from each other, on their plantations. They have a plentiful country, no ready market for their produce, little intercourse with strangers, and a natural fondness for society, which induce them to be hospitable to travellers.

Since the peace, there has not been greater progress in the arts of civilized life made in any of the states, than in North-Carolina. Instead of dissipation and indolence, formerly too prevalent among the inhabitants, we generally find a more orderly, industrious people, who are, in some measure, indebted for this reform to the great immigration of farmers and artizans from the northern states, who have roused the spirit of industry among them, in a country where it may be cultivated and cherished to any degree. The schools that have lately been erected in different parts of the state, have greatly contributed to the advancement of knowledge, and the improvement of the people.

Literature. In 1789, the legislature of this state laid the foundation of a university, by an act for that purpose, providing handsome funds. The site of the institution was fixed at Chapel Hill, 28 miles W. of Raleigh. The college has a professor of sciences, a professor of languages, three tutors, and about 100 students There is a library, philosophical apparatus, and a small cabinet of curiosities. The students are from North-Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky.

A college edifice of brick, 100 feet by 40, two stories high, and another 180 by 40 feet, 3 stories high; houses for the president and steward, of wood, constitute the public buildings belonging to the university.

There is a very good academy at Warrenton, which had, some years since, 120 scholars. The academy at Fayetteville has about the same number. There is also an academy at Guilford, at Lum

berton, at Newbern, at Williamsborough in Granville county, at Chatham courthouse, and Hillsborough.

In this state, a medical society was incorporated in 1799. It is a valuable institution. They have encouraged the culture of various medicinal articles, which thrive here very well. Paima christi and other medicines promise to be articles of exportation.

Cities and Towns. NEWBERN, the largest town in the state, stands at the confluence of the Trent with the Neus, on a sandy point of land between the two rivers. The public buildings are a small Episcopal church, a handsome courthouse, and a gaol, ail of brick, and a theatre, which was formerly a distillery. The houses are almost wholly of wood, and are indifferently built. The population in 1800, amounted to 2467, of whom 1298 were slaves. It carries on a considerable trade with the West-Indies. Lat. 35 20 N. lon. 77 25 W.

FAYETTEVILLE stands on Cross creek, near its junction with Blount creek, and a mile from its entrance into Cape Fear river. There are upwards of 400 houses. The public buildings are a Presbyterian church, a handsome courthouse, and a townhouse. Fayetteville is better situated for commerce, and vends more merchandize than any inland town in the state; and few places are anore eligible for the establishment of several important manufac

tures.

WILMINGTON is 34 miles from the sea, on the E. bank of Clarendon river. Population in 1800, 1689. The trade is considerable. EDENTON, on the N. side of Albemarle sound, bas about 150 indifferent wood houses, and a few handsome buildings.

RALEIGH is the seat of government, and stands 120 miles in a direct line from the coast, and 40 from the Virginia boundary. The city has about 120 houses, and upwards of 1000 inhabitants.

Commerce. The amount of exports from this state, in 1804, was $928,697; and in 1810, $403,949; of which $401,465 were of domestic produce, and $2484 of foreign. A great proportion of the produce of the back country, consisting of tobacco, wheat, and maize, is carried to the Virginia and South-Carolina markets. The exports from the low country are lumber, tar, pitch, turpentine, Posin, maize, furs, tobacco, pork, tallow, bees wax, and myrtle wax. Cheese, cider, apples, potatoes, iron, tin ware, furniture, hats, and shoes, are imported from New-England; and foreign merchandize chiefly from New-York. The aggregate tonnage of this state for the year 1805 was 34,090 tons.

Climate. June is the most healthy month; often May and July may be called healthy. Summers dry and cool are the most salubrious. More deaths occur in February and March, from inflammatory complaints of the head and breast than in any part of the year. In the hilly country fluxes are common, and very fatal to children. Pulmonary consumptions, epilepsies, apoplexies, tetanus, and rickets, are hardly known in North-Carolina. Ring worms, tetters, scurvy in the teeth and gums, are common The western hilly parts of the state are healthy. From the first of July, to the first of September, the mercury ranges between 80 and 96, and

sometimes, though seldom, it rises above 100. The winters are so mild in some years, that autumn may be said to continue till spring. Wheat harvest is in the beginning of June, and that of Indian corn early in September.

Face of the Country. The flat or low country in North-Carolina extends about 80 miles from the sea. Its natural growth is the pitch or long leaved pine. Between this and the lower falls of the rivers lies a belt of land, about 40 miles wide, consisting of small sand hills, and covered with pitch pine. Beyond these falls the country is a land of hills and vallies, and farther back it is mountainous. Inland and river swamps are numerous in the flat country. They abound with cypress and bay trees.

Soil and Agriculture. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, and flax grow well in the back hilly country, but tobacco is the most important article of agriculture. Cotton and hemp are cultivated there to a considerable and increasing extent, and the first more abundantly. in the lower part of the hilly country. Maize and pulse are extensively cultivated throughout the state; rice in some of the swamps of the low country. The greater part of the low country is not worth cultivating. It is valuable only for its timber, tar, pitch, and turpentine, which have been considered as the staple commoditics of the state.

Rivers. The Roanoke runs partly in Virginia, and the Yadkin, and Catawba partly in South-Carolina. They have heretofore been described.

Cape Fear river is formed by Haw and Deep rivers. These rise in the same mountains, and running, each about 90 miles, unite 7 miles above Buckhorn fails. The course of the river is thence S. and S. E. about 160 miles to the ocean, into which it empties bea tween Cape Fear island and Smithville. It is navigable for sea vessels 25 miles above Wilmington, for large boats to Fayetteville, 65 miles farther, and for smaller boats above the forks. About 6 miles from Wilmington the river divides and encompasses a considerable island, below which it has more the appearance of a bay than a river. Clarendon river, or the N. E. branch, is a stream, that runs nearly S. about 90 miles, and unites with the east arm of Cape Fear river, just above Wilmington. Black river is a longer stream, which rises in the upper country, and running parallel with the Cape Fear, falls into it a little below Appleby.

The Neus rises in the upper country, a little above Hillsborough, and near some of the branches of the Roanoke. It runs on the whole S. E. and falls into Pamlico sound at its southwestern extremity. Its length is about 220 miles, of which it is navigable for sca vessels 52, for large boats 90, and for small boats, to Smithfield, 160. Cotecney creek is the principal tributary on the E; and the Trent on the W. This last empties at Newbern, and is navigable for sea vesels 12 miles, and for boats 25.

The Pamlico is formed by Tar river and Fishing creek, which unite a little above Tarborough. The last is the longest stream, and heads near Warrenton. The course of the Pamlico is about S. E. and it empties its waters into the western extremity of Pam

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ico sound. Its length is about 180 miles. It is navigable for vessels drawing 9 feet water, to Washington, 40 miles, and for large boats to Tarborough.

The Chowan is formed by the Nottaway and Blackwater, whichunite on the Virginia line, and the Meherrin, which falls in from the W. 10 miles below. All these rise in Virginia, and pursue a southeasterly course. The Meherrin, the longest, runs about 100 miles. After the confluence the Chowan runs $. E. and S. 40 miles, and falls into the head of Albemarle sound, near the Roanoke, by a mouth 3 miles wide.

Swamps and Sounds. Dismal and Alligator swamps, and Pamfico and Albemarle sounds have already been described.

Capes. Cape Hatteras is one of the most noted capes on the coast. It is in lat. 35 15 N; and is a point running out from the middle of a long narrow sand island, which separates Pamlico sound from the ocean.

Cape Lookout is south of cape Hatteras, opposite Core sound. Cape Fear is remarkable for a dangerous shoal, called, from its form, the Frying Pan..

Mountains. The Allegany ridge crosses the western part of the state, and the Blue ridge lies farther east. But we have been able to obtain no satisfactory account of the mountains of NorthCarolina.

Mineralogy. A gold mine has been lately discovered in Cabarras county in this state, which had, in 1805, furnished the mint of the United States, with virgin gold, which has produced, 11,000 dollars gold coin; more has been found, but the extent of the mine has not yet been discovered. Gold has been discovered in other creeks in the same neighborhood.

In Buncomb county, near Mackeysville, at the foot of the moun-tains, is a mine of cobalt, the ore of which is rich, with a large intermixture of arsenic. Its manufacture into smalt is contemplated.

There is a long ridge of limestone, which, extending in a southwesterly direction, crosses the whole state of North-Carolina. It crosses Dan river to the westward of the Sawro towns, crosses the Yadkin about 50 miles N. W. from Salisbury, and thence proceeds> by the way of King's mountain to the south.

Boundaries. On the N. by Kentucky and Virginia; E. by North-Carolina; S. by Georgia and the Missisippi territory; and W. by the Missisippi river; its figure being rhomboidal.

Name. The state was named from its principal river; the name, it is said, having been applied to the river by the Indians, on account