Fleur's Departure for Montreuil;" in As a last resource, Mr. Warren for1845, "A Scene in Lord Chesterfield's warded his manuscript to the late WilAnte-room, in 1748;" and in 1846, "The liam Blackwood, of Edinburgh, by whom Disgrace of Lord Clarendon," each it was accepted. From this publisher successive work displaying additional the young author received some valuable power. He has painted several pictures literary hints. The "Passages" exfor the New Palace at Westminster, cited at first some controversy as well that of "The Last Sleep of Argyle" as interest in medical circles, the author being considered one of the best works being even denounced in the "Lancet," of its class. He was elected an Asso- on the assumption that the " Diary" ciate of the Royal Academy in 1847, and was a real record of medical experiences, Royal Academician in 1855. The fol- and for violating the secrets of the sick lowing of his pictures are at the South chamber. In 1839 Mr. Warren comKensington Museum, namely, "Doctor menced the publication, in "BlackJohnson in the Ante-room of Lord wood," of "Ten Thousand a Year," Chesterfield," "The Disgrace of Lord which was some time afterwards folClarendon," "The South-Sea Bubble, a lowed by "Now and Then," in both of Scene in Change Alley, in 1720," and which he displayed high talent as a "James II. in his Palace of Whitehall, novelist. After the great English Exreceiving the News of the Landing of hibition, he published a work, "The the Prince of Orange in 1688." Lily and the Bee," in commemoration of WARREN, SAMUEL, a lawyer, legal that event, which has met with much writer and novelist, Q.C., D.C. L. of hostile criticism. He is an able Oxford, F.R.S., was born in 1807, in pleader, and has besides increased his Denbighshire, where his father, at one reputation as a lawyer by the publicatime a Wesleyan minister, has been for tion of several excellent professional many years a clergyman of the Church works, the best known of which are his of England. He attended classes at the Introduction to Law Studies," and University of Edinburgh, with the view "Abridgment of Blackstone." He was of entering the medical profession, but appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1851, he abandoned his intentions, and after and Recorder of Hull in 1854. Having wavering for a short time between the been returned to Parliament in 1856 for Church and the Bar, he entered the Midhurst, he made several effective Middle Temple as a law student. Having speeches in the House, the best received practised, for nearly seven years, as a of which, perhaps, was that delivered special pleader, he was called to the bar by him on moving the adjourned debate in 1837. In the meantime there ap-on the Conspiracy Bill. After Lord peared in the columns of Blackwood's Derby's accession to power, Mr. Warren Magazine" a series of papers, entitled was, early in 1859, appointed one of "Passages from the Diary of a late the Masters in Lunacy, a situation of Physician," which, although somewhat great responsibility and delicacy. His melodramatic, displayed more than or- literary works, including all his contridinary power, and attracted much notice. butions to "Blackwood," published in Of these Mr. Warren was the author; a collected form and issued in a cheap and curiously enough, the opening nar- shape, have had a very wide circulation. rative of the series, entitled Early There are numerous American editions Struggles," had been rejected by every of all his books, and translations of his leading London periodical as unsuitable, fictions into most of the modern lanand not calculated to interest the public.guages.

66

Even the "Lily and the Bee,"

the least successful of his works, has been rendered in Italian. His law books have become standard works of 66 reference, both in this country and in America, and in one or two continental universities.

66

connected with the "Standard newspaper in 1827, and subsequently the "United Service Gazette," established in 1833. Mr. Watts has now been connected with the press for many years, and has published an exquisitely illustrated work, entitled "Lyrics of the Heart," which includes several of his choice poems. He enjoys a pension of £100 per annum from the Civil List.

have become imperative on mill owners. After being some time engaged on the Manchester Courier," he proceeded to London, and edited the Literary Souvenir," which was one of the first of the annuals, and contained prose and WATT, JAMES HENRY, an engraver, poetic sketches, intermingled with enwas born in London, in 1799, and at six-gravings, of the highest class, from picteen years of age commenced his artistic tures of leading painters. He became education with Mr. Charles Heath, than whom no man then was better calculated to convey instruction. Mr. Watt was an ardent student, but his rapid progress may, to a great extent, be attributed to his inherent love of art and nature. The engraving of Stothard's "Procession of the Flitch of Bacon,' now so widely known, was his first great happy effort, and Mr. Watt immediately attained to a high position. Landseer's WEBSTER, THOMAS, R. A., a painter, "Highland Drover's Departure" is fa- was born in London, March, 1800. He miliar to the world by the engraving was originally a chorister at the Chapel executed by Mr. Watt. "Horses at a Royal, St. James's, but his talents lay in Fountain," "A Court-yard," May- a different direction, and he entered the Day in the Reign of Elizabeth," and Royal Academy in 1820, five years after"Christ Blessing Little Children," wards bearing away the first prize for after Landseer, Leslie, and Eastlake, painting. His career as an artist has were also engraved by him, besides been one of unbroken success. His first many other productions, which are as exhibited work, "Rebels shooting a popular as they are pleasing even to the Prisoner," was highly eulogized, as was uneducated eye. also his " Gunpowder Plot." He has WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER, poet been a frequent exhibitor in the Acaand journalist, was born in London on demy, the British Institution, and in the 16th March, 1799. Having been the Galleries of the Society of British educated at Wye Grammar School and Artists. By 1841 his position was at Ashford, he spent some years in teach-secured with the public, and confirmed ing at various schools, and eventually with artists, by his election as an Assobecame private tutor in a Manchester ciate of the Royal Academy, and he family. He first became known to the already struck out a line specially his public in 1822, when he published some own. He is remarkable as a genial poems, under the title of "Poetical artist, entering apparently into the Sketches," which proved highly suc- frolic of the personages depicted. He cessful. He shortly afterwards became was elected a Royal Academician in editor of "The Leeds Intelligencer," 1846, and has since produced some of and distinguished himself by attacking his choicest works, "A Rubber," the neglect and inhumanity of the then "See-Saw," "A Slide," "A Cherry existing factory system. Some of the Seller," "A Dame's School," and "Hide suggestions he then made have since and Seek,” all being of the highest order been adopted in the Factory Act, and of merit. Several of his pictures have

been engraved, and are widely known F.R.S.; in 1838 an Associate of the through Art Union prints. The ad- Royal Academy; in 1849 a Royal mirers of his productions will find the Academician; and, in 1857, Profollowing in the South Kensington Museum at the present time, namely, "Sickness and Health," "Going to the Fair," Returning from the Fair," "A Village Choir," "Contrary Winds," "Reading the Scriptures," "Going into School," and "A Dame's School."

WENSLEYDALE, JAMES PARKE, BARON, an English lawyer, was born near Liverpool, in 1782. After receiving a preliminary education at the Macclesfield Grammar School he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated, and became a wrangler. He eventually adopted the law as his profession, and entered the Inner Temple in 1813. Mr. Parke acquired great success in his professional pursuits, and in 1834 he was appointed a Baron of the Court of Exchequer. For many years Baron Parke held this high position to his own credit and to the satisfaction of all with whom he came in contact. In 1856 he was created Baron Wensleydale, at first only as a life peerage, but eventually, owing to the jealousy shown by the Members of the Upper House against new precedents being introduced, Baron Parke entered that assembly with all the usual privileges of his new rank and station.

fessor of Sculpture to the Academy. Mr. Westmacott has delivered lectures on Art at the Royal and London Institutions, and is otherwise distinguished for literary qualifications. "Venus and Ascanius" (1831); "The Cymbal Player," an admirable work (1832); "Blue Bell" (1836); "Paolo and Francesca" (1838); the statues in the pediment of the Royal Exchange (1842); and "Go and Sin no More" (1850), are among his best known works.

66

The son

WHATELY, THE RIGHT REV. RICHARD, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin, a theological and economical writer, was born in London, in 1787. of a prebendary of Bristol Cathedral, he was educated at Oxford, taking his B. A. degree in 1808, gaining the University Prize for an English essay in 1810, and in 1811 becoming a Fellow of Oriel College. He was Bampton Lecturer in 1822, and also became Rector of Halesworth, Suffolk, in that year. In 1825 he was chosen Principal of St. Alban's Hall, Oxford. In 1831 he was consecrated Archbishop of Dublin, and Bishop of Glendalagh. Dr. Whately took an active part in founding the National System of Education in Ireland, and materially assisted Mr. Stanley, now Lord Derby, then Chief Secretary, in bringing the plan to a successful issue. He remained a member of the Board of Irish Education until 1853, when, believing that undue concessions were being made to the Roman Catholic element, he retired from the Commission, in conjunction with Chief Justice Black

WESTMACOTT, RICHARD, R. A., a sculptor, was born in London, in 1799. He is the son and grandson of sculptors, his father being the celebrated Sir Richard Westmacott, from whom he received his early training. He visited Italy, where he remained from 1820 to 1826, neglecting no opportunity of tracing the history and development of ancient classic art. Of late years burne, and Baron Greene. As Primate monumental works and busts have chiefly occupied his attention, and probably his fancy; for to judge of his mind from his productions, he is grave and reflective. In 1827 he first exhibited at the Academy. In 1837 he was elected

of Ireland, his life has been one of industry and philanthropy, his greatest attention, however, having been directed to the cause of education. The mere titles of a few of his works, which have been very numerous, are sufficient to

indicate his views. In 1819 appeared | mental Philosophy in King's College. "Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon Professor Wheatstone has, however, acBonaparte," a very ingenious attempt quired his high reputation by bringing to show the fallacy of sceptical criticism, out, in conjunction with Mr. Cooke, that by proving that there never was such a most remarkable instance of the power general in existence; afterwards came of mind over matter-the Electric Telethe "Elements of Logic," the "Ele- graph. It is no part of our province to ments of Rhetoric," "Errors of Ro- say one word on the dispute which has manism, traced to their Origin in Human arisen respecting the individual rights of Nature," 'Introduction to Political these gentlemen. We will only express Economy," "Thoughts on Secondary our regret that from the time of Sir Isaac Punishments," and "Remarks on Trans- Newton to this day, there has scarcely portation." He was for a short time been an instance of a grand discovery Professor of Political Economy in the which has not been intermingled with University of Oxford, and was the désagrémens, which every true lover of principal means of founding a professorship of that science in Trinity College, Dublin. Archbishop Whately has never belonged to any party, political or ecclesiastical, but has carefully kept aloof from all purely political questions, and in what pertains to religion he has always strenuously opposed sectarian feeling, having, in the Bampton Lectures and in other works, laboured to prove it to be unchristian. He is a member of the French Institute.

science for its own sake has had to deplore; we trust, however, that the day will arrive when the consciousness of having rendered service to our fellowcreatures will be a higher reward than the mere and transient acknowledgment to be obtained by their applause. The first practical application of electricity to telegraphic purposes was made under Messrs. Cooke and Wheatstone's patents, on the Blackwall railway in 1838. The wires employed were made of copper, enclosed in an iron tube, each wire being separated from its neighbour by some non-conducting material. Eventually the present needle-telegraph was perfected, and the wires, now of iron, suspended on poles raised on the banks of railways. To so great an extent has this mode of instantaneous

WHEATSTONE, CHARLES, F.R.S., Professor of Experimental Philosophy in King's College, London, was born at Gloucester, in 1802. In his early days he was engaged in the manufacture of musical instruments, and from studying the laws of sound seemed to have been gradually led to investigate the sciences of light and electricity. The results of communication been adopted, that at the some of his researches were presented to the Royal Society in 1833, in a paper

present time a message may be sent and received in every or any part of Europe in the course of a few minutes, and the total length of wire employed in Europe, India, and America amounts to many thousand miles. Professor Wheatstone has invented some curious optical instruments besides the stereoscope. In 1856 he made an interesting application of his researches on sound, in a mode of conveying music by means of deal rods from one part of a building to any other, between a musical instrument and any

diffuser of sound placed in a distant the principal are-"The Elements of apartment. His merits have been recog- Morality," "Lectures on Systematic nised by most of the learned societies of Morality," and "Lectures on the History Europe. He was an active member of of Moral Philosophy in England.” He the London and Paris exhibitions, is a has published several volumes of sercorresponding member of the Institute mons, various lectures and papers on of France, and Knight of the Legion of Honour.

university education, &c., and several translations, the most remarkable of which is a version into English hexameters of Goethe's "Hermann and Dorothea."

He was

WHEWELL, THE REV. WILLIAM, D.D., F.R.S., Master of Trinity College, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, was born, in 1795, at LanWHITESIDE, THE RIGHT HON. caster. His father, who was a joiner, JAMES, M.P., LL.D., a politician and originally intended to bring him up to lawyer, was born at Delgany, county of his own occupation, but the head-master Wicklow, in the year 1806. of the grammar school where he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, educated, persuaded his parent to send where he took honours and graduated him to Cambridge. After graduating M. A. While prosecuting his studies for in 1816, and obtaining a Fellowship, he the bar, he obtained premiums in the was chosen in 1828 Professor of Minera- first law class formed in the London logy. In 1838 he obtained the Chair of University. He was called to the Irish Moral Philosophy. In 1841 he succeeded bar in 1830, where he rose rapidly into to the Mastership of Trinity College, and practice, his powers being so highly in 1855 became Vice-Chancellor of the valued as a lawyer and forensic orator, University of Cambridge. Dr. Whewell that when Mr. O'Connell was tried for is a man of an earnest and enthusiastic political conspiracy in 1843, Mr. Whitetemperament, and is one of the most side was chosen one of the leading coungenerally accomplished men of the pre-sel for the defence. He delivered an sent day, his scholarship extending over address to the jury on that occasion, every department of human knowledge. which was pronounced to be the most Dr. Whewell's first publications were brilliant effort of its kind since the days mathematical treatises intended chiefly of Curran. During the memorable year for use among the students of the Uni- of 1848, Mr. Whiteside acted as leading versity. They consist of a work on "Me- counsel for Smith O'Brien and Meagher. chanics," in two volumes; an edition A vivid account of these remarkable of "Newton's Principia," a "Treatise trials, with a criticism highly favourable on Conic Sections," and the Mechanics to the eloquence of Mr. Whiteside, will of Engineering." Dr. Whewell wrote be found in the work of W. C. Townthe Bridgewater Treatise on "Astro-send, entitled "Modern State Trials." nomy and Physics, considered with re- He was returned to Parliament for the ference to Natural Theology." In 1837 borough of Enniskillen in 1851, and conhe published his "Philosophy of the tinued to hold the seat until 1859, when Inductive Sciences," which has gone he resigned it, and then represented the through three editions, being expanded University of Dublin. He was appointed in the last into the "History of Scien- Solicitor-General for Ireland by Lord tific Ideas." In the present year he has Derby's Government in 1852, resigning published the "Philosophy of Disco- with Ministers in the same year. In very." He is the author of several 1858, on Lord Derby's return to power, works on Moral Philosophy, of which he became Attorney-General, retaining