studied medicine chiefly under the direc- | downe was called to the House of tion of his father, and became even- Peers, having succeeded to the family tually Professor in the University of Göttingen. Among other works, he has written "Klinische Beitraege aus dem Gebiete der Chirurgie und der Opthalmologie," and "Über die Wirkamskeit der Medicinischen Polizei." He has lately visited England (1860), and was received at the Chatham garrison by the Medical Officers with the distinction due to his abilities.

title, and for many years was chiefly known by his energetic support of liberal measures, under various administrations, without, however, holding any official position until he became Secretary of State under Lord Canning in 1828. Since that period, the only office he has held, has been that of President of the Council. In his place in the House of Lords he has acquired from all parties LANKESTER, EDWIN, M.D., was the highest character for prudence, foreborn at Melton, Suffolk, in 1814. After sight, and political ability. In social receiving his early education at Wood- and literary circles, Lord Lansdowne is bridge and University College, London, justly esteemed, not more on account he entered the medical profession. He of his acquirements, than for the affais a well-known lecturer and writer on bility and condescension of his desubjects connected with Natural His-meanour.

tory, and has contributed papers to the LATHAM, ROBERT GORDON, a "Penny Cyclopædia" and the "Eng-physician, was born at Billingborough, lish Cyclopædia of Natural History. Lincolnshire, in 1812. He studied He is a Fellow of many of the learned at Eton, graduated at Cambridge, and societies, President of the Microscopical after a tour in the north of Europe deSociety, and has lately been engaged in voted himself to the study of medicine. the Department of Manufactured Pro- Having become Licentiate, he was soon ducts, &c., in the South Kensington afterwards appointed Physician to the Museum, where he has delivered some St. James's and St. George's Dispenhighly interesting and popular lectures. sary, from which he was promoted to LANSDOWNE, HENRY PETTY FITZ-be Assistant-Physician of the Middlesex MAURICE, MARQUIS of, K.G., an emi- Hospital, where he lectured on Forensic nent English statesman, was born 2nd Medicine and Materia Medica. He is a July, 1780, and received his early educa- Fellow of the Royal College of Physition at Westminster, Edinburgh, and cians, of the Royal Society, ex-Viceafterwards took his degree of M. A. at President of the Ethnological Society, Cambridge. From his earliest years he and member of various other learned has identified himself with liberal prin- bodies. Dr. Latham is best known, ciples, and after spending some time in however, by his ethnological researches, the study of continental politics, he en- and as one of the earliest members of the tered the House of Commons as member Ethnological Society he has contributed for Calne, in the Whig interest. As a large amount of information, charactermight be expected, he often spoke in ized by deep research, on every branch opposition to William Pitt's measures, of that interesting study. Amongst his and through his talents as a debater, and leading works may be named, the “ Vahis political consistency, he was chosen rieties of Mankind," "The Ethnology to succeed Pitt, as Chancellor of the of Europe," and his 'History of the Exchequer, in the year 1806. Shortly English Language," in all of which, after the resignation of Lord Granville, and in others not here specified, he has under whom he held office, Lord Lans-added many interesting facts as to the

origin and connexion of the various languages spoken in different parts of the world.

It was only when troublous times commenced that the energy of his character and his great talents became known. LAUDER, ROBERT SCOTT, R.S.A., a For nearly twenty-seven years Sir John painter, was born at Silver Mills, near has laboured in India. The first ten Edinburgh, in 1803. At an early age he years were spent at Delhi and the surdisplayed considerable aptitude for draw-rounding district. This was his training ing, and advice and encouragement were school, and well did he take advantage given to the young aspirant by David of it. Separated from all Europeans, Roberts. When fifteen he resolved, after a visit to an exhibition of pictures, to become a painter. But it is to the late Rev. John Thomson, of Duddingstone, that he is chiefly indebted for his first introduction to the great principles of art, as exemplified in the schools of Italy. Sir Walter Scott's influence obtained him entrance as a student in the Edinburgh School of Design, where he remained for some years, and afterwards studied in the British Museum. In 1826 he returned to Edinburgh, where he discharged for two years the tutorial duties of Sir William Allan. In 1833 he visited Italy, and in the study of the old masters of the different schools, the great truths inculcated by Mr. Thomson were perceived and appreciated. In 1838, returning home, he resided chiefly in London for about fourteen years, when being invited to take the directorship of the Government School of Design, he again returned to Edinburgh. He has exhibited many excellent pictures, his works being appreciated both for their colour and finished execution. He has taken many subjects from Scott's romances, but he has achieved a more worthy position by his scriptural subjects, such as "Christ Teaching Humility," and "Christ Walking on the Water," which are noble works of their class.

LAWRENCE, SIR JOHN, late governor of the Punjaub, is a member of a family which has been long identified with Indian affairs. Little notice was taken of his early services in India though he distinguished himself from the first.

and associating only with the natives, he learned "to know the races it was his lot to rule." After a short visit home he again returned to India and resumed his duties in the Delhi district. It was about this time that the war on the north-west frontier broke out, when the Sikhs crossed the Sutlej with a large force, and were not repelled without great loss to the British army. A judicious, firm-minded man had to be chosen to govern this restless frontier, and Sir John Lawrence was selected as Commissioner of the ceded territory. When the Punjaub was annexed to India, in 1849, Lord Dalhousie formed a Board of Administration for the government of the new province, and two of its members were Sir Henry and Sir John Lawrence. Subsequently Sir Henry withdrew, and Sir John Lawrence was appointed sole Governor of the Punjaub. During that disastrous period, which is so fresh in the memory of all, when regiment after regiment mutinied-when treachery appeared on all sides, and the blood of hundreds of our countrymen was sacrificed to native ferocity--when we almost feared that our Indian possessions were to be torn from us-then did Sir John Lawrence, under Providence, prove himself the "saviour of India." So wise, so firm had been his rule, so well organized his policy, that not only did the Punjaub remain faithful, but its troops were spared to stem the tide of rebellion, and to re-capture the capital of Delhi. Through his long and bright career as a ruler in India, Sir John Lawrence has proved his efficiency

assistance of the British minister in
Turkey, Mr. Layard has succeeded in
bringing to England some most inter-
esting relics, which will ever associate
his name with the study of Assyrian
antiquities. He subsequently published
a work entitled "Nineveh and its Re-
mains," and in that and other produc-
tions of his pen, he has opened out a
field of the deepest interest to all stu-
dents of Archæology and Ancient His-
tory. Mr. Layard was elected member
for Aylesbury in 1852, and has since
held office under Government.
honour of D.C.L. was conferred on him
by the University of Oxford. He has
not taken much interest in political
affairs since the conclusion of the Russian
war, but went to India shortly after the
breaking out of the late revolt in that
country. He is Chairman of the Otto-
man Bank, which was established shortly
after the conclusion of the Russian war.
LEDRU, ROLLIN, a French politician,
After pass-
was born at Paris in 1808.

The

for every emergency, distinguishing himself by his untiring perseverance and zeal, and his enlightened Christian views of Indian administration. It may not be known that the father of Sir John was an officer of distinction, and served in the Mysore campaign under the Marquis Cornwallis. Three of his brothers are high in the Indian service. On his departure from India in April, 1859, on account of his health, an address was presented to him by the officers, civil and military, and others residing in the Punjaub, expressing their admiration of his public career in the country. Again, on Sir John's return to England, a congratulatory address was presented to him from the most distinguished noblemen of the country, clergy of all denominations, and every merchant who had any knowledge or interest in Indian affairs, acknowledging gratefully his great services, both civil and military, more especially his firmness in endeavouring to promote the cause of Christianity in India. Nor has the Government over-ing through a course of legal studies, he looked his services, for it has conbecame an advocate, and speedily rose ferred on him the honour of a Baronetcy, to distinction at the bar, where he was and a seat in the new Indian Council, generally employed in defending persons where, doubtless, his past experience charged with offences against the goof Indian affairs will render him a most vernment. He became a member of the valuable member of that Council. The Chamber of Deputies in 1841, and soon freedom of the city of Glasgow has lately evinced the most decided opposition to been conferred on Sir John Lawrence the ministry under Guizot. In the revolution of 1848, Ledru Rollin, together (September, 1860). with Lamartine, occupied the foremost position in the formation of a provisional government, and he afterwards became a candidate for the presidentship, but was defeated by the present Emperor. Shortly afterwards Ledru Rollin left France for England, where he has ever since remained.

LAYARD, AUSTEN HENRY, a celebrated English traveller, was born in Paris 1817. After coming to England, where at first he proposed to enter the legal profession, in 1839 he proceeded to the East, intending to take an overland journey to India, and having remained some time in Constantinople went on to Persia, where he visited Susa, the "Shushan" of the Book of Esther, and the tomb of Daniel. He was subsequently induced, by the interesting nature of the incidents he met with, to attempt the exploration of Nimroud, and by the

He has published several works, all of which are characterized by extreme views in reference to political matters, and attacking with great violence all those who do not agree with him.

LEE, FREDERICK RICHARD, R. A., a

landscape painter, well known for his representations of English and Scottish scenery, was born at Barnstaple, in Devonshire, in 1799. He entered the army when young, and served in the campaigns in Holland and Belgium in the year 1814. In consequence of severe illness, contracted in the service, he was placed on the half-pay list, and afterwards cultivated his natural talent for art. It is not too much to say that the English school would have been without one of its most accomplished masters, had Mr. Lee remained in the army. His landscapes are remarkable for their freshness and natural tone; they seem as though painted in the open air, they are so true, and no painter that ever lived excels him in aerial perspective. His first success was at the British Institution, where he received a £50 prize. In 1824 he exhibited at the Royal Academy; in 1834 was elected an Associate of that institution, and in 1838 received the distinction of a Royal Academician. The greater number of his more important paintings have been purchased for the collections of the Marquis of Lansdowne, the Earl of Ellesmere, Earl Spencer, the Marquis of Breadalbane, and other noblemen of kindred tastes, while some are to be found in the galleries of Sir John Warrender, Sir Thomas Baring, and Mr. Salomons. At a late period in life he associated himself, in the production of pictures, with Thomas Sidney Cooper, A. R. A., and his " Near Redleaf," "Gathering Sea Weed," and a "Distant View of Windsor," are now in the collection at the South Kensington Museum.

with which he is still connected. Dr. Lee is also a chaplain to the Queen, and was chosen Professor of Biblical Criticism in the University of Edinburgh in 1846. He has taken a prominent part in the proceedings of the General Assembly and other church courts, always on the liberal side, and often maintaining opinions and defending measures which greatly scandalize his brethren. In 1859 Dr. Lee was engaged in a keen controversy with the majority of his presbytery on account of his having introduced the practice of reading prayers. The General Assembly, however, pronounced a judgment which was favourable to his views and proceedings. He has published numerous sermons and lectures, a controversial treatise on Infallibility, two books of prayers; and a reference Bible-an unostentatious but very laborious work.

LEE, MRS. A. BOWDICH, an English authoress, was born about 1800. She accompanied her first husband, Mr. Bowdich, to Africa, he being despatched on a pacific mission to the Caffres, then threatening to root out the settlements in the vicinity of their grounds. During the stay of the lady at the Cape of Good Hope, and her journey through the colony, she gathered the materials which were afterwards woven into her interesting book, "Stories of Strange Lands," published in 1825. This was followed by "The African Wanderer," a work which from its spirited recital of adventure, and its evident fidelity of depiction, became immediately popular, and ran through various editions. The current of Mrs. Lee's mind runs towards LEE, REV. ROBERT, D.D., was born natural science, and when she fixed her at Tweedmouth, Durham, in 1804. On residence in Paris she wrote several leaving the Grammar School of Berwick-works on natural history and its varieties, on-Tweed, he went to St. Andrew's among the principal of which are University. His first charge was at Arbroath, and having been minister at Campsie, he eventually became pastor of the Grey Friars' Church in Edinburgh,

"Familiar Natural History," and the "History of Fresh-water Fishes," which were illustrated by herself.

LEECH, JOHN, the well-known cari

R

caturist, was born in London, in 1816, | cation, embraced the profession of the and received his early education at the law, rose into repute, and was apCharter-House. There is, perhaps, no pointed King's Advocate in 1825. artist living who is so popular as Mr. While devoting himself to the duties of Leech. His weekly contributions to his office, he made his début as an Punch" are admirable and so effec- author, by publishing his "Academic tive, that the inquiry, "What is in Idyls." He then composed romances, 'Punch' this week?" has become a on the plan of introducing historical household word throughout Great Bri- events and characters, as their principal tain. He succeeds in completely hitting groundwork. His first work of this the most salient points of the incidents class was the "National Legends,” based he illustrates, and his likenesses are so on the traditions and heroic annals of well sketched, as at once to suggest the his country; but the production which unfortunate subject of his pencil in all stamped him as an author of celebrity, possible peculiarities. It is, of course, was "Our Forefathers; "a book in which impossible to select where all are good, Van Lennep passed in review the anbut Mr. Leech has saved that trouble, cient and medieval history of Holland. by publishing, in a collected form, some He has written a complete history of the hundreds of his sketches, entitled Netherlands, and a number of novels; "Pictures of Life and Character;" an many of which have been rendered into inspection of which is sure to produce different languages. Well versed in mirth and hearty laughter from even the English literature, he has translated most serious of its readers. into Dutch several poems of Byron, Moore, Tennyson, and others, as well as Shakspeare's "Othello," and "Romeo and Juliet." He is also the author

are popular in Holland. Mr. Van Lennep has been from 1853-1856 a member of the States-General. He is President of the Dutch Royal Academy of the Fine Arts, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and of several scientific associations.

LEMON, MARK, a journalist and dramatist, was born in November, 1809. Although well known by his dramatic and other effusions, it is in connexion of several original dramas, which with "Punch" that Mr. Lemon has been most successful, and of which he has been the editor nearly ever since its commencement. Owing to its excellent illustrations, and the admirable hits at the current events of the day, this work has become the most popular of productions of the comic kind, and has outlived a number of competitors which have been brought out in vain to share public favour with it. Like all kinds of "punch," the periodical owes much of its piquancy to the addition of a "Lemon." Mr. Lemon has published several farces, which have been frequently performed in public, and he is a leading contributor to the "Illustrated London News," and many serials.

LEOPOLD, GEORGE CHRISTIAN FREDERICK, KING OF THE BELGIANS, DUKE oF SAXONY, and PRINCE OF SAXE COBURG GOTHA, son of Duke Francis of Saxe-Coburg, Saalfeld, was born at Coburg, December 16, 1790. Having received an education which gained him the reputation of being one of the best instructed princes in Europe, he, on the marriage of his sister to the late Grand Duke Constantine of Russia, LENNEP, JACOB VAN, a Dutch no- determined to enter the Russian service. velist, was born at Amsterdan, on the As a General of Cavalry he displayed 25th of March, 1802. He received, under both courage and talent in several camhis father's direction, an excellent edu-paigns; and for his valour in the field,