Position of Patient and Operator.-For extracting, a chair the height of an ordinary easy chair is best. It should be firm and strong, with an ample head-rest, and somewhat inclined backward.

To extract the left upper bicuspids and molars, the operator should stand at the right and a little in front of the patient. Place the little finger and ulnar side of the left hand across the forehead; with the forefinger in the mouth distend the cheek, and with the thumb depress the lower lip. This will expose the teeth fully to view. Apply the forceps and extract as directed.

To extract the right upper bicuspids and molars, stand at the right of the patient; place the ulnar portion of the palm of the left hand upon the right side of the forehead, and with the forefinger distend the cheek opposite the teeth; with the second finger depress the lower lip, apply the forceps as directed and extract the tooth.

To extract the six anterior teeth of the upper jaw, stand at the right, and with the left hand hold the patient's head firmly against the side. With the forefinger elevate the upper lip, and with the second guard the lower. This will expose the teeth and the instrument may be readily applied.

To extract the lower molars and bicuspids of the right side, stand directly behind the patient, support the chin in the palm of the left hand, with the forefinger distend the cheek, and with the thumb depress the tongue. Apply the forceps and extract.

To extract the left lower molars and bicuspids, still standing behind the patient, place the palm of the hand against the side of the face, supporting the lower jaw with the third and fourth fingers, distend the cheek with the first finger, and depress the lower lip with the second, when the teeth may be clearly seen and the forceps applied. The left lower bicuspids may often be successfully extracted with the operator facing the patient.

To extract the lower incisors and cuspids, stand at the

right, pass the left hand under the patient's chin, support the lower jaw with the fingers, depress the lower lip with the forefinger, and the tongue with the thumb.

To extract the right lower bicuspids with the key, stand in front and facing the patient. For applying the key in all other cases, stand somewhat behind the patient, with the first and second fingers distend the lips and cheek and apply the instrument, guiding the hook with the finger.

To extract a tooth with the forceps, pass the beaks well under the gum, against the border of the alveolus, and grasp the tooth firmly; then make moderate traction, together with an outward and inward movement, mostly outward, until its connection with the jaw is broken, when it may be removed. Avoid grasping the teeth too hard, as excessive pressure is liable to break them.

In many operations we are more successful by applying a pushing force combined with other movements until the tooth is loosened. This is applicable to the upper incisors, and especially to the bicuspids. In extracting the upper central incisors, a rotating movement is especially applicable. Traction should seldom be made until the tooth is loosened.

In the case of the cuspids, the outward movement must be mainly depended upon, as the flattened form of the root renders rotation impossible. The greater size and length of the roots of these teeth, together with the flattened form, make them much more difficult to extract than either the incisors or bicuspids. It is sometimes necessary to pass the beak of the forceps well up on the alveolus and cut it through before the tooth can be made to yield.

In extraction of the upper bicuspids, press the forceps hard up against the alveolus, at the same time moving the hand outward and inward till the tooth gives way, when it may be removed by a direct pull.

In extracting the first and second upper molars, the same directions are applicable as for the bicuspids, whether the plain or cowhorn forceps is used. The use of the cowhorn

Position of Patient and Operator.-For extracting, a chair the height of an ordinary easy chair is best. It should be firm and strong, with an ample head-rest, and somewhat inclined backward.

To extract the left upper bicuspids and molars, the operator should stand at the right and a little in front of the patient. Place the little finger and ulnar side of the left hand across the forehead; with the forefinger in the mouth distend the cheek, and with the thumb depress the lower lip. This will expose the teeth fully to view. Apply the forceps and extract as directed.

To extract the right upper bicuspids and molars, stand at the right of the patient; place the ulnar portion of the palm of the left hand upon the right side of the forehead, and with the forefinger distend the cheek opposite the teeth; with the second finger depress the lower lip, apply the forceps as directed and extract the tooth.

To extract the six anterior teeth of the upper jaw, stand at the right, and with the left hand hold the patient's head firmly against the side. With the forefinger elevate the upper lip, and with the second guard the lower. This will expose the teeth and the instrument may be readily applied.

To extract the lower molars and bicuspids of the right side, stand directly behind the patient, support the chin in the palm of the left hand, with the forefinger distend the cheek, and with the thumb depress the tongue. Apply the forceps

and extract.

To extract the left lower molars and bicuspids, still standing behind the patient, place the palm of the hand against the side of the face, supporting the lower jaw with the third and fourth fingers, distend the cheek with the first finger, and depress the lower lip with the second, when the teeth may be clearly seen and the forceps applied. The left lower bicuspids may often be successfully extracted with the operator facing the patient.

To extract the lower incisors and cuspids, stand at the