Massachusetts Bay Company-Continued. officers were succeeded by John Winthrop as governor, with a deputy and 18 assistants. In 1630 Winthrop, at the head of a large body of settlers, transferred the company headquarters to America and founded Boston. Under this charter Massachusetts carried on her government for 55 years. Massacre of Christians. (See Armenians.) Masterson, Katherine O., mentioned, X, 799. Mataafa, insurrection in Samoan Islands under, IX, 439, 531.

Arrangements for return of, and other exiles, X, III.

Matanzas, Cuba, harbor and forts at, shelled by American squadron, X, 90.

Mather, Thomas, treaty with Indians concluded by, II, 323.

Mathews, John, district supervisor, nomination of, I, 99.

Matlock, Gideon C., treaty with Indians concluded by, IV, 454.

Matta, Mr. (See Baltimore, The.)
Matthews, Edmund O., member of Gun
Foundry Board, VIII, 161.

Matthews, George, instructions to, regarding possession of Florida, I, 506.

Unauthorized conduct of, discussed and powers given, revoked, I, 507.

Matthews, James C., recorder of deeds, District of Columbia, nomination of, and reasons therefor, VIII, 531.

Maury, Matthew F.:

Immigration plans of, referred to, VI, 373. Improvement in science of nautical affairs by, V, 134.

Maury Mountain claimed, X, 964. Maximilian (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph):

Forest Reserve, pro

Capture and execution of, referred to, VI, 527.

Decrees of

Declaring blockade of ports proclaimed void, VI, 433.

Reestablishing slavery in Mexico referred to, VI, 371.

Organization for purpose of avenging death of, referred to, VI, 582.

Maxwell, Hugh, authority issued to, to arrest unlawful expedition, V, 161.

Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, land at, reserved for custom house, X, 618.

Maybrick, Florence E., imprisonment of, in Great Britain, IX, 669. Mayflower Compact.-Before the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers the company gathered in the cabin of the Mayflower, in Provincetown Harbor, Nov. 11, 1620, and there bound themselves into a body politic and pledged themselves to abide individually and collectively by the laws they should make. Mayson, F. G., lieutenant in Marine Corps, appointment of, referred to, IV, 423. Maysville, Washington, Paris and Lexington Turnpike Road Co., act authorizing subscription of stock in, vetoed, II, 483. Mazzei Letter.-A private letter written by Thomas Jefferson to an Italian named Mazzei in 1796. The letter was translated and published in an English paper. It aroused much animosity against Jefferson by its supposed allusion to Washington and others as those "Samsons in the field and Solomons in the council" who had formed an Anglican monarchical aristocratic party

Meade, George G.:

Instructions to, referred to, VI, 628.

Order to, regarding suppression of military expedition, VI, 433.

Meade, Richard W., imprisonment of, by
Spain and claim arising out of, II, 25.
Meade, Richard W., United States Navy:
Agreement with great chief of Tutuila con-
cluded by, VII, 168.
Mentioned, IX, 401.

On

Measures. (See Weights and Measures.) Meat Products. (See Animals and Animal Products.) Mechanicsville (Va.), Battle of.- One of the Seven Days' Battles before Richmond. June 26, 1862, Lee massed his troops on his left, A. P. Hill crossing to the north side of the Chickahominy and being supported by Longstreet and D. H. Hill. Jackson joined the Confederate forces later. The Confederate attack on Fitz-John Porter at dawn was repulsed, but the Federal army subsequently retired. According to Federal accounts, the Confederate loss was 1,500, the Union 361. This battle is also called the battle of Beaver Dam Creek. Mecklenburg Declaration.-A series of resolutions purporting to have been adopted by the citizens of Mecklenburg County, N. C., May 20, 1775, declaring their independence of Great Britain, followed by a second series of resolutions, adopted on the 31st of May, providing for a local government. The independence resolutions were first published in 1819 and created much discussion as to their genuineness. They contained several phrases almost or quite identical with portions of the document adopted at Philadelphia July 4, 1776. Thomas Jefferson immediately declared them fraudulent. It was admitted that the original Mecklenburg resolutions were burned in 1800 and that those published in 1819 were reproduced from memory by a son of one of the secretaries of the meeting. The North Carolina legislature investigated the matter and secured enough evidence to warrant them in making May 20 a State holiday. The historians are divided in opinion. Hildreth, one of the most critical, admits the validity of the Declaration, but, curiously enough, says it was made May 31. Bancroft contends that only a provisional government was formed, and that on the date of the 31st. There is no dispute as to the fact that a government was organized. In North Carolina, among the Scotch-Irish people, there exists little doubt that the Mecklenburgers declared their independence on May 20, 1775, William A. Graham, Secretary to the Navy from 1850 to 1852 and candidate of the Whigs for Vice-President in 1852, was the son of Joseph Graham, who was present at the meeting in Charlotte which declared independence, and testified to the fact.

Mecklenburg-Schwerin:

Treaty with, IV, 567, 629.
Vessels of, discriminating duties on, sus-
pended by proclamation, III, 146.
Medals, Life Saving, government grant of, X,
804.

Medary, Samuel, mentioned, V, 469.

Medical Museum, Army, building for, recom-
mended, VII, 620; VIII, 193, 246.

Medicine Bow Forest Reserve, proclaimed,
X, 50I, 5o2; XI, 928.

Medill, William, treaty with Indians con-
cluded by, IV, 671.

Mediterranean Sea:

gunboats dropped down the river to Memphis.
The Confederate fleet consisted of 8 vessels,
mounting 28 guns, commanded by Commo-
dore Montgomery. On June 6, 1862, Com-
modore Davis, with 5 Union gunboats and 2
rams, appeared before the city, and Mont-
gomery went forth to give him battle. After
I hour and 20 minutes of fierce fighting the
Confederate fleet was defeated. Col. Ellet,
who built the rams, was the only person in-
jured on the Federal side. The number of
killed and wounded on the Confederate side
is not known, but was probably between 80
and 100.

368; II, 257.

Piracies in, II, 363.

Trade with, 1, 83, 85, 86.

Vessels sent to, for protection of commerce,
I, 326, 359, 370; II, 62, 257, 308, 362, 445.
Mediterranean Squadron referred to, IV, 52,

100.

Medium of Exchange:

Augmentation of, discussed, II, 74.
Discussed by President-
Buchanan, V, 437.

Grant, VII, 29, 244, 285.

Johnson, VI, 571, 679.

Madison, I, 565, 578.
Monroe, II, 74

Tyler, IV, 44, 82, 266.
Gold and silver-

Hope expressed that use of, for, will become
general, III, 164.

To take place of bills below $20 recom-
mended, III, 166.

Paper used as, discussed, IV, 44, 82.
Restoration of uniform system of, recom-
mended, I, 578.

Medoc Forest Reserve, proclaimed, X, 794.
Mee-sée-qua-guilch Indians, treaty with, V,

379.

Meigs, Montgomery C.:

Act making appropriation for Government
expenses, including work to be super-
intended by, discussed, V, 597.
Appointed on commission to examine sub-
ject of reorganization of Army, VII, 398.
Report of, on-

Extension of Capitol transmitted, V, 384,
579.

Error in, referred to, V, 385.
Water supply for Washington City, V, 189.
Meigs, Return J., treaty with Indians con-
cluded by, II, 265.

Melbourne, Australia:

International exhibition at, to celebrate cen-
tenary of founding of New South Wales,
VIII, 591.

International Exhibition of Arts and Indus-
tries at, discussed, VII, 567, 607; VIII, 38.
Melcher, Jacob, ensign in Navy, nomination
of, I, 63.

Melcher, Louis, act granting pension to,
vetoed, VIII, 418.

Melton, Miss, assailants of, in Turkey, convic-
tion of, discussed, IX, 530.
Members of Congress. (See Representatives;
Senators.)

Memphis (Tenn.), Capture of.-After the
evacuation of Corinth, Miss. by Beauregard,
Fort Pillow, 40 miles above Memphis, was
useless, as the Union army could take it from
the rear. The Confederates therefor spiked
the guns, burned the barracks and what
supplies they could not take away, and their

at, IV, 349.

Proposition of city authorities of, relative to,
V, 296.

Memphremagog, Lake. (See Lake Memphre-
magog.)

Men-of-War. (See Vessels, United States.)
Menard, Pierre, treaty with Indians concluded
by, II, 422, 423, 425, 466.
Mendenhall, Thomas C.:

Chairman of Board on Geographic Names,
IX, 212.

Letter of, and memorial regarding preser
vation of forests transmitted, IX, 60.
Menocal, Anecito G., mentioned, VIII, 328.
Menominee Indians.-A tribe of the Algon-
quian family of Indians, which since it first
became known to the whites has occupied
lands in Wisconsin and upper Michigan,
chiefly along the Menominee River and the
west side of Green Bay, and extending south
to the Fox River and west to the Mississippi.
The name means "wild rice men," from their
principal article of food. The French trans-
lated the name into "Folles Avoines," by
which the Menominees are sometimes known.
They now number about 1,300 at the Green
Bay (Wis.) Agency. In the early Indian
wars they sided with the British.
Menominee Indians:

Lands ceded to United States by, IV, 651.
Referred to, V, 305.

Sale of timber on reservation of, referred to,
VIII, 72.

Treaty with, II, 20, 347, 397, 430, 541, 635; III,
272; IV, 451, 671; V, 240, 363.
Menominee Reservation, Wis., sale of timber
on, referred to, VIII, 72.
Mercantile Marines of France, Germany,
Great Britain, and Italy referred to, VIII, 393.
Merchant Marine.-The British navigation
acts, beginning in 1645, prohibited importa-
tions into the Colonies except in English or
colonial built ships. Though seriously re-
stricting commerce, these acts served to stim-
ulate the shipbuilding interest. Between
1789 and 1797 the registered tonnage in-
creased 384 per cent. From 1837 to 1857 the
tonnage increased from 810,000 to 2,268,000,
and in 1861 the aggregate tonnage of American
registered vessels reached the highest point-
5,539,813. This nearly equaled the combined
tonnage of all other nations excepting Great
Britain, which alone was slightly in excess of
it. For various reasons American shipping
fell off since the Civil War, until it is quite
insignificant. During recent years, however,
a revival has taken place, more especially in
the coastwise trade, the number of vessels
(1905) engaged in it being 21,788, with a ton-
nage of 5.441,688. The total American ton-
nage (1906) is 6,456,593, only a small propor-

Merchant Marine-Continued.

tion of which is engaged in foreign trade; as compared with Great Britain whose tonnage amounts to over 17,000,000 the figures appear small, but they are large enough to place the United States second on the list. Merchant Marine. (See Commerce discussed.)

Merchant Vessels:

Claims resulting from destruction of United States vessels by Confederate vessels referred to, VII, 10.

Condition of American, X, 429, 430, XI, 1163. Discussed, X, 14, 16, 113, 134, 156, 211, 235, 429.

Naval force for protection of, in Mexican ports, etc., recommended, V, 569. Mercier, Henri, French minister, visit of, to Richmond, Va., referred to, VI, 153. Meridian Conference, International:

At Washington discussed, VIII, 131, 213, 240,
254, 595.

Invitation of Italian Government to attend,
IX, III.

Meriwether, David, treaties with Indians con-
cluded by, II, 20; V,
351.

Mero District. (See Miro District.)
Merrimac, The. (See Hampton Roads (Va.),
Battle of.)

Merrimac, The (Confederate ram), engage-
ment of, with-
Cumberland, VI, 144.
Monitor, VI, 112.

Merrimac, The. This vessel, a two-masted iron steamship of 5,000 tons, was used by the United States in the Spanish-American War as a collier. During the month of May, 1898, the Spanish fleet under Admiral Cervera took refuge in the harbor of Santiago. The city of Santiago is well located within the harbor, about 5 miles from the ocean proper. The channel leading from the harbor out to the ocean is at certain points quite narrow and comparatively easy to obstruct. This channel was well covered by Spanish batteries on shore, so that it was deemed unwise on the part of the American officers to attempt to enter the harbor with war ships. The American commander decided to attempt to block the channel, and for this purpose concluded to sink the Merrimac at a narrow point. It follows necessarily that such an undertaking would be exceedingly dangerous to those who were to steer the unarmed vessel within the channel, and then at the proper moment sink it and endeavor to escape by swimming ashore or attempting to reach a lifeboat. Assistant Naval Constructor Richmond P. Hobson was chosen at his own request to execute the hazardous undertaking, Volunteers were called for to accompany and assist him. Fifteen hundred officers and men responded, gallantly tendering services, and begged that they be accepted. Six only were accepted, whose names are Daniel Montague, chief master-at-arms of the New York; George Charette, gunner's mate of the New York; John Murphy, cockswain of the Iowa; Francis Kelly, water tender; George F. Phillips, machinist, and Cockswain O. W. Deignan, the last three of the Merrimac, Randolph Clousen, cockswain of the New York, was during the delay of one day added to the company. On the morning of June 3, 1898, at about half past 3 o'clock, Hobson steered straight into the channel under a heavy fire

from Spanish guns on both sides. As the Merrimac reached the spot that had been picked out for her sinking he gave orders to explode the torpedoes. Two of them only exploded. Amid the tremendous fire from the shore batteries, the firing of 8 electric mines in the channel, and torpedoes from 2 Spanish vessels the collier sank, her masts and smokestack showing above the water, obstructing but not blocking the fairway. As the ship went down the Spaniards sent up a cheer, believing they had sunk some large war vessel. Hobson and his men held on to a catamaran belonging to their sunken ship for about an hour. Just after sunrise a steam launch came down the harbor with Admiral Cervera on board. Hobson and his men were taken on board the launch, were courteously treated by their captors, and placed in prison. They were all exchanged July 6. The sinking of the Merrimac was an act of heroism which challenged the admiration of the world. The President, in a message to Congress, speaking of the incident, said: "This enterprise, demanding coolness, judgment, and bravery amounting to heroism, was carried into successful execution in the face of a persistent fire from the hostile fleet as well as from the fortifications on shore " (X, 80). Rear-Admiral Sampson said:" I cannot myself too earnesly express my appreciation of the conduct of Mr. Hobson and his gallant crew. I venture to say that a more brave and daring thing has not been done since Cushing blew up the Albemarle" (X, 81). The President recommended that a vote of thanks be given Hobson by Congress. He and his crew were subsequently promoted. Merrimac, The (United States collier), sinking of, in Santiago Harbor, Cuba, by Lieut. Richmond P. Hobson, X, 80, 91. Naval Cadet Powell to be made ensign for attempting to rescue force of, X, 81. Thanks of Congress to Lieut. Hobson and promotion of, recommended, X, 81. Merritt, Edwin A., collector of the port of New York:

Congratulations of President on confirmation of, VII, 549.

Modifications of rules submitted by, VII, 550, 555.

Merritt, Wesley:

Directed to aid in executing laws in Indian Territory, IX, 48.

Expeditions to Philippine Islands under command of, X, 90.

Attack upon and surrender of Manila,

X, 94.

Thanks of President tendered, X, 354. Instructions of President regarding military occupation of islands, X, 344, 346, 347.

Joint occupancy with insurgents not to be permitted, X, 354.

Merryman Case.-Merryman, a citizen of Maryland, was arrested at his home in 1861 by order of an officer of the United States Army and charged with treason. He was imprisoned in Fort McHenry. Chief Justice Taney granted a writ of habeas corpus, which the officer in charge of the prisoner refused to execute on the ground that the President had suspended the writ. The case was taken before the Supreme Court of the United States. The court decided that power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus was not

Merryman Case-Continued.

vested in the President, Congress alone hav-
ing that privilege, and that a military officer
has no right to arrest a person not subject to
the Rules and Articles of War except in aid
of judicial authority. (See also Habeas
Corpus; Milligan Case.)

Mertz, Anna, act granting pension to, vetoed,
VIII, 670.

Mescalero Agency, N. Mex., buildings at,
recommended, VIII, 105.

Mescalero Reservation, N. Mex., improve-
ments on, payment to settlers for, recom-
mended, VIII, 397.

Messages and Papers of the Presidents,
resolution authorizing compilation of, and
requesting Hon. James D. Richardson to
take charge of the work of preparing the
same, I, III.

Messages, Presidential. A written com-
munication by the President to Congress.
At the beginning of each session an annual
message is transmitted going into details of
our standing as a nation and recommending
such action by the House and Senate as
may be deemed necessary to the progress of
the country or the correction of abuses.
Special messages are sent from time to time
to either or both Houses, submitting treaties
or correspondence, or in answer to a request
from either branch for particular informa-
tion, or to recommend specific or immediate
legislation. Veto messages are sent with
the returned bills which the President dis-
approves, in which he states his reasons for
such disapproval. After pointing out wherein
a bill fails to meet the requirements of the
case he usually suggests the way to an
effective measure that may receive Executive
sanction. Article II, section 3, of the Con-
stitution declares that the President "shall
from time to time give to the Congress in-
formation of the state of the Union and
recommend to their consideration such
measures as he shall judge necessary and
expedient." Washington and John Adams
read their annual messages to Congress.
Jefferson inaugurated the custom, since fol-
lowed by all of his successors, of sending
messages in writing to Congress (I, 325).
They are carried by the private secretary of
the President, who is received at the door of
the Senate or House, and whose presence is
formally announced by an officer of the
body, whereupon he delivers the message to
the clerks.

Messages, Presidential. (See Annual Mes-
sages; Special session messages; Veto mes-
sages, under the several Presidents.)
Metals, Precious. (See Gold and Silver.)
Meteor, The, seizure and detention of, re-
ferred to, VI, 382.

Meteorological Observatory, establishment
of, at Fort Myer, Va., recommended, VIII,
205.

Metric Convention with certain foreign gov-
ernments referred to, VII, 358, 608.

Metric System, obligatory use of, referred to,
VII, 456. (See also Decimal System, etc.)
Mettakahtla Indians, proposed citizenship
for, XI, 1178.

Mexican Cotton-boll Weevil, report on, X,
857.

Mexican War.-The Mexican War grew out
of the annexation of Texas by the United
States. Mar. 2, 1836, Texas seceded from

Mexico and declared her independence,
which she maintained by the defeat of Santa
Anna in the battle of San Jacinto, Apr. 21,
1836. The United States, England, France,
and Belgium recognized the new Govern-
ment as independent. Dec. 29, 1845, Texas
was annexed to the United States. A dis-
pute as to the boundary induced President
Polk to order Gen. Taylor to take a position
in the disputed territory on the left bank of
the Rio Grande. Here (near Matamoros)
he was attacked Apr. 23, 1846, by Mexicans
under Arista, and a portion of his army was
captured. Taylor advanced into the north of
Mexico, leaving garrisons at Corpus Christi
and at Fort Brown, opposite Matamoros, and
after the battles of Palo Alto (May 8, 1846),
Resaca de la Palma (May 9, 1846), Buena
Vista (Feb. 22, 23, 1847), and a number of
esser fights, in which the Mexicans were de-
feated, he obtained control of all northern
Mexico. Gen. Scott, landing at Vera Cruz,
advanced to the City of Mexico, defeating
Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo (Apr. 17, 18,
1847), Contreras (Aug. 19, 20, 1847), Churu-
busco (Aug. 20, 1847), and Molino del Rey
(Sept. 7, 8, 1847), causing the surrender of
the capital and the termination of the war
Sept. 14, 1847. During these operations in
Mexico Gen. Kearny and Lieut. Frémont
occupied California and New Mexico with
American troops. Under the treaty of peace
signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo (IV, 573) Mex-
ico, upon payment by the United States
of $15,000,000 and of private claims which
amounted to $3,250,000, ceded to the latter
the territory now comprising Nevada, Utah,
most of Arizona, a large part of New Mex-
ico, portions of Colorado and Wyoming, and
all of California (IV, 587).
Mexican War:

American blood shed on American soil, IV,
442.

American forces-

Gallantry of, referred to, IV, 640.

General officer to take command of, re-
quired, IV, 508.

Increase in, recommended, IV, 508.

Kind of money paid to, inquired into, IV,
510.

Movement of, referred to, IV, 440, 484.
Return of, to United States, IV, 590.
American territory invaded by Mexican
forces, IV, 442.

Ample cause of war against Mexico asserted,
IV, 479, 533-

Appropriation by Congress for prosecuting,
referred to, IV, 537.

Armistice referred to, IV, 574.

Battle of-

536.

Buena Vista, IV, 535.
Cerro Gordo, IV,
Churubusco, IV, 536.
City of Mexico, IV, 541.
Contreras, IV, 536.
Monterey, IV, 492.
Palo Alto, IV, 445, 450, 492.

Resaca de la Palma, IV, 445, 450, 492.
Vera Cruz, IV. 535..

Bounty lands for soldiers in, recommended,
IV, 515.

Charge that American army invaded terri-
tory of Mexico refuted, IV, 482.

Discussed, IV, 437, 445, 450, 456, 471, 513, 533,
565, 587, 631.

Executive orders concerning, IV, 383, 523.

Mexican War-Continued.

Existence of, proclaimed by-
Mexico, IV, 442.

United States, IV, 470.
Referred to, IV, 534.

Expenses of conducting, IV, 451, 497, 515,
536, 591; V, 17.

Loan necessary to meet, IV, 497; V, 17.
Mexico should be held responsible for, IV,
498, 523, 537.

Forces of United States in, IV, 640.
Increase of, recommended, IV, 508.

Gen. Arista in command of Mexican forces,
IV, 441.

Gen. Scott in command of American troops,
IV, 448.

Assignment of command to, discussed, IV,
448.

Correspondence with, referred to, IV, 448.
Recall of, referred to, IV, 449, 581.
Gen. Taylor in command of American troops,
IV, 441.

Assignment of command to, referred to,
IV, 449.

Brevet rank of major-general conferred
upon, referred to, IV, 449.

Referred to, IV, 519, 565, 568, 569.
General officer to take command of Ameri-
can forces required, IV, 508.

Government established in Mexico by Amer-
ican army officers discussed, IV, 506.
Imposition of duties as war measure pro-
posed, IV, 502, 516.

Increase in army recommended by President
Polk, IV, 508.

Invasion threatened by Mexico because of
annexation of Texas, IV, 440, 442.
Letters of marque and reprisal against Mex-
ican vessels recommended, IV, 496.
Liberal provision for sustaining military
forces recommended, IV, 443.
Means of transmitting letters to and from
American army in Mexico, IV, 509.
Measure for raising additional force recom-
mended, IV, 504.

Mexican general considers hostilities begun,
IV, 441.

Military contribution levied upon Mexico.
(See Mexico.)

Not provoked by United States, IV, 472.
Operations of American army near Mata-
moros referred to, IV, 443.
Peace concluded, IV, 587.

Pirates commissioned by Mexico, IV, 495.
Ports of Mexico in possession of American
forces ordered to be opened, IV, 523, 529.
Proclamations concerning, IV, 469, 521, 627,
689.

Proclaimed by-

Mexico, IV, 442.

United States, IV, 470.
Referred to, IV, 534.

Public debt of United States increased in con-
sequence of, IV, 591.

Recognition of, by Congress recommended,
IV, 443.

Results of, respecting military strength of
United States discussed, IV, 631.

Success of American troops referred to, IV,
445, 450, 492, 534, 541.

Suspension of hostilities after battles of Con-
treras and Churubusco referred to, IV, 569.
Termination of, IV, 587.

Threatening aspect of, IV, 260.

Treaty negotiations discussed, IV, 456, 493,

535, 569, 572, 573, 574, 679. (See also Cal-
ifornia; New Mexico.)
Treaty of peace—

Proclaimed, IV, 627.
Transmitted, IV, 587.

Volunteer force discussed, IV, 443, 515.
Increase in, recommended, IV, 549.
Promptness of, in rushing to the field, IV,
473.

Report regarding, transmitted, IV, 509..
Mexico.-A North American Republic, extend-
ing from lat. 14° 30′ to 32° 42′ north and from
long. 86° 46' to 117° 8' west. It is bounded
on the north by the United States, on the
east by the Gulf of Mexico and the Carib-
bean Sea. on the south by British Honduras,
Guatemala, and the Pacific Ocean, and on the
west by the Pacific Ocean. The Republic in-
cludes Lower California and Yucatan. It has
27 States, I federal district, and 3 territories.
Mining, agriculture, and cattle raising are
extensively carried on. The Government is
modeled after that of the United States. The
language is Spanish, the religion Roman
Catholic, and the people chiefly creoles, In-
dians, and mixed races. Mexico has an area
of 767,316 sq. miles and a population (1900)
of 13,605,819. The early inhabitants were
Toltecs, Aztecs, and other native races.
Some of the leading historical events of the
country are: The invasion of Cortez, 1519;
conquest of the capital, 1521; the country
made a Spanish colony under the name of
New Spain (a viceroyalty after 1535); revo-
lution under Hidalgo, 1810; partially sup-
pressed, 1815; revolution under Iturbide and
Spanish viceroy deposed, 1821; Empire estab-
lished, 1822; Texas seceded, 1836, which fi-
nally resulted in war with the United States,
1846-1848. There were frequent changes in
its government until 1862, when war began
with France. Maximilian established an
Empire, which was upheld by French troops,
in 1864, during the Civil War in the United
States. The United States protested at the
time against the establishment of the Empire
because it was in violation of the Monroe
doctrine. Shortly after the close of the
American Civil War the French troops were
withdrawn, and Maximilian, being left to his
own resources, was unable to maintain the
Empire. He was captured by the Repub-
lican forces, condemned to death, and shot
in 1867. (See also Mexican War.)
Mexico:

Affairs of, referred to, VI, 77, 210, 527.
Agent sent to, referred to, V, 583.
American citizens in-

Captured by army of, IV, 91, 157.
Liberated, IV, 197.

Expelled from jurisdiction of, IV, 327, 345;
V, 513, 589.

Forbidden to sell goods, IV, 262.
Murdered, V, 565, 645.

Outrages on, and injuries sustained by, IV,
354,437, 473, 533, 644; V. 336, 512, 563; VII,
189, 404.

Property of, seized or destroyed by, IV, 473;
V, 513, 565, 589.

American flag insulted by, IV, 473.
American troops-

Occupying territory of, referred to, VI, 459,
462.

Sent to, for protection of citizens from
Indian depredations, III, 238.