THE BOY'S ARITHMETIC.

PART I.

BY THE REV.

CHARLES ARNOLD, M.A.

RECTOR OF TINWELL,

AND LATE FELLOW OF CAIUS COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

Second Edition.

LONDON:

FRANCIS & JOHN RIVINGTON,

ST. PAUL'S CHURCH YARD, AND WATERLOO PLACE.

1850.

THE object of this book is twofold: (1) To make Arithmetic more easy to little boys, by enabling them to understand it: (2) To prevent their forgetting a Rule as soon as they have entered upon a new one,— a circumstance which every Teacher has often had to lament.

Each Rule is therefore explained in a familiar manner; and of the examples in each Exercise some belong to the Rule which has just been explained, and others to the Rules which have gone before.

IN this second Edition of the Boy's Arithmetic some slight improvements have been made; and some errors noticed in the previous Edition have been corrected. A Chapter has been added on Tare and Tret, to meet the wishes of some masters of National and Commercial Schools from whom the Author has received testimonies as to the value of the work.

TINWELL, Aug. 12, 1850.

C. A.

ARITHMETIC FOR BOYS.

ARITHMETIC is the art of calculating numbers: it includes NOTATION, or the art of expressing any quantity by figures; NUMERATION, or the art of reading numbers which have been regularly noted; and a variety of rules by which calculations are to be made.

Its principal rules are Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division, on which all the higher calculations depend.

ON NOTATION AND NUMERATION.

Certain signs have been used to express numbers from one to nine. Thus, 1 we call one: 2 we call two: 3, three: 4, four: 5, five: 6, six: 7, seven: 8, eight: 9, nine: and 0 we call cipher, or nought.

By these figures, differently placed, we can express any number we wish.

To express a number greater than nine, we must, however, give a different value to each figure, according to the place in which it stands; and in counting its place we begin always at the right hand; and when we find a figure in the second place, we give it ten times the value which it had in the first place: that is, we call it so many tens, instead of

so many ones.

Thus, 2 signifies only two; that is, two ones: but the 2 in 28, or 23, or 20, stands for two “tens,” that is twenty. If the 2 were in the third place, counting from the right hand, it would mean two "hundreds," and so on.