XII. THE SECONDARY AGES.

THE SECONDARY AGES, EMBRACING THE NEW RED SANDSTONE,

OOLITE, AND CHALK SYSTEMS-THEIR PLACE IN GEOLOGI-

CAL HISTORY COMPOSITION AND SUCCESSION OF THEIR

STRATA-PHYSICAL CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THEY WERE

FORMED THEIR FOSSIL FLORA AND FAUNA EXCESS OF

CHAMBERED SHELLS-EXUBERANCE OF REPTILIAN LIFE-

CURIOUS PHASE OF BIRD-LIFE THE ARCHEOPTERIX

LIFE-CONDITIONS OF THE SECONDARY PERIODS-ECONOMIC

PRODUCTS OF THE SECONDARY SYSTEMS-SECONDARY COAL-

FIELDS THEIR GROWING IMPORTANCE, .

XIII. TERTIARY TIMES.

ORIGIN OF THE TERM TERTIARY-LOWER, MIDDLE, AND UPPER,

OR EOCENE, MIOCENE, AND PLIOCENE TERTIARIES-THEIR

MINERAL COMPOSITION AND SUCCESSION- DIFFERENT IN

DIFFERENT BASINS OR AREAS OF DEPOSIT FLORA AND

FAUNA OF THE RESPECTIVE SUBDIVISIONS-PHYSICAL CON-

DITIONS UNDER WHICH THESE GREW AND WERE DEPOSITED

-GIGANTIC AND INTERMEDIATE FORMS OF EOCENE MAM-

MALS APPROXIMATION TO EXISTING DISTRIBUTIONS IN

MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE TIMES-ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF

THE SYSTEM,

187

201

XIV. ICE-ITS FORMS AND FUNCTIONS.

ICE, DEFINITION

OF- GENERAL

OF

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

WATER-FORMATION OF ICE-ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE AT-

MOSPHERE: HOAR-FROST, SNOW, AND HAIL-ITS OCCUR-

RENCE ON FRESH WATER: RIVER, LAKE, AND GROUND

ICE ON SALT WATER ICE-FIELDS, ICE-PACKS, ICE-FLOES,

ETC., IN POLAR SEAS-ICE ON LAND: SNOW AND SNOW-

LINE, AVALANCHES, NÉVÉ, GLACIERS-THEIR CHARACTER-

ISTICS-ICEBERGS-GENERAL RESULTS OF ICE-ACTION,

213

XV. THE GLACIAL OR ICE EPOCH.

THE GLACIAL EPOCH AS DISTINGUISHED FROM THE PRE-GLACIAL

OR LATER TERTIARY-ITS BOULDER-CLAYS, GRAVEL-DRIFTS,

AND ERRATIC BLOCKS-LIMIT OF THESE IN THE NORTHERN

HEMISPHERE-CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THEY APPEAR TO

HAVE BEEN FORMED-ICE-MANTLE, GLACIERS, AND ICEBERGS

-DURATION OF THE PERIOD-PAUCITY OF LIFE-DEPRESSION

AND RE-ELEVATION OF LAND-GRADUAL RETURN OF MORE

GENIAL CONDITIONS-ESTABLISHMENT OF EXISTING ARRANGE-

MENTS, PHYSICAL AND VITAL-RECURRENCE OF COLDER AND

WARMER CYCLES IN TIME- - RESUMÉ AND CHRONOLOGICAL

ARRANGEMENT OF THE ICE-EPOCH,

231

XVI. RECENT FORMATIONS.

RECENT OR POST-TERTIARY FORMATIONS-LATEST CHAPTER IN

GEOLOGICAL HISTORY-FLUVIATILE DALES AND RIVER-

TERRACES-LACUSTRINE: ALLUVIAL FLATS AND STRATHS-

ESTUARINE: PLAINS AND DELTAS-MARINE: SILTS, SAND-

DRIFTS, AND RAISED BEACHES-CHEMICAL: MINERAL PRE-

CIPITATES AND EXUDATIONS ORGANIC VEGETABLE AND

ANIMAL GROWTHS-VOLCANIC: LAVAS, TUFAS, ETC.-EX-

TENT AND VARIETY OF RECENT FORMATIONS-THEIR STUDY

THE KEY TO THOSE OF EARLIER DATES-CHRONOLOGICAL

ARRANGEMENT OF-HISTORIC AND PRE-HISTORIC-HUMAN

AND PRE-HUMAN,

252

XVII. THE SOILS WE CULTIVATE.

UNIVERSALITY OF SOILS-ALL ROCKS WEATHER INTO SOILS-

SOILS PARTLY OF MECHANICAL, PARTLY OF CHEMICAL, AND

PARTLY OF ORGANIC ORIGIN-EFFECTS OF VEGETABLE AND

ANIMAL AGENCY-SOILS FORMED BY WIND-DRIFT - BY

WORM-CASTINGS SUBSOILS, THEIR NATURE AND COMPO-

SITION ANTIQUITY OF CULTIVABLE SOILS,

276

XVIII. MAN'S PLACE IN THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD.

THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD-NATURE OF ITS CHRONOLOGICAL

STAGES-DIFFICULTIES AND IMPERFECTIONS-COMPARATIVE

RECENTNESS OF MAN'S PLACE-NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE

-PREJUDICES TO BE COMBATED-MAN'S EARLIER LIFE-COM-

PANIONS IN SOUTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPE-THEIR RE-

MOVALS AND EXTINCTIONS-TRACES OF HIS OWN RACE-

PRE-HISTORIC AND HISTORIC-AGES OF STONE, BRONZE, AND

IRON-SHELL-MOUNDS, CAVE-DWELLINGS, LAKE-DWELLINGS,

ETC.-MAN IN OTHER REGIONS GENERAL QUESTION OF

MAN'S ANTIQUITY-HOW TO BE SOLVED,

285

XIX. ORDER AND SUCCESSION OF LIFE.

LIFE, ITS NATURE AND FUNCTION

INTERDEPENDENCE OF

PLANTS AND ANIMALS-HARMONY OF THEIR RELATIONS-

THEIR EXISTING ASPECTS AND DISTRIBUTIONS - ASPECTS

AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE PAST-ADVANCE IN TIME FROM

LOWER TO HIGHER FORMS-ORDER OF THIS PROGRESSION-

THEORIES OF LIFE-DEVELOPMENT-HOW FAR PROBABLE-

LAW OF CREATIONAL PROGRESS-PROOFS OF ITS EXISTENCE

-UNIVERSALITY OF ITS OPERATIONS ALIKE IN THE PHYSI-

CAL, VITAL, AND INTELLECTUAL-ITS ENDURANCE,

305

XX. WHAT OF THE FUTURE?

-

POSSIBILITY OF INDICATING THE FUTURE OF OUR PLANET-

OPINION OF DR HUTTON-EVERYTHING IN NATURE, PHYSI-

CAL AND VITAL, PASSING ON TO NEWER FORMS AND CON-

DITIONS-NEW DISTRIBUTIONS OF SEA AND LAND-NEW

CLIMATES AND PHYSICAL SURROUNDINGS-NEW ARRANGE-

MENTS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS NEW DEVELOPMENTS,

OR HIGHER AND HIGHER LIFE-FORMS-MAN SUBJECT TO

THE SAME LAW OF PROGRESSION-INFLUENCE OF MAN ON

THE FUTURE-SLOW AND GRADUAL RATE OF NATURE'S OPE-

RATIONS EXALTED CONCEPTIONS OF THE UNIVERSE IN-

SPIRED BY THE BELIEF IN A LAW OF INCESSANT DEVELOP-

MENT AND PROGRESS,

321

xiv

BRITISH STRATIFIED SYSTEMS,

TO WHICH THE FOLLOWING SKETCHES MORE ESPECIALLY REFER.

The subjoined tabulation exhibits the arrangement of the British stratified rocks, as accepted by our leading geologists-minor and local deviations of superposition being subordinated for the sake of distinct comprehension and ready reference :

XV

ORDER AND SUCCESSION OF LIFE,

ESPECIALLY AS REFERRED TO IN THE FOLLOWING SKETCHES.

The subjoined tabulation exhibits proximately the stages at which the great ascending sections of Plants and Animals make their first appearance in the stratified systems :-

Man. Plants and animals of
existing species and distribu-
tion; a few genera recently
extinct.

Placental mammals. Plants
and animals of existing or-
ders; a large proportion,
however, of extinct genera
and species.

Marsupial mammals, birds,
reptiles, fishes, shellfish,
crustacea, zoophytes; palms,
coniferæ, ferns, lycopods,
sea-weeds.

Marsupial mammals, birds,
reptiles, fishes, shellfish,
crustacea, zoophytes; palms,
cycads, coniferæ, ferns, ly-
copods, sea-weeds.

Reptiles, fishes, shell-fish, crus-
tacea, zoophytes; coniferæ,
ferns, lycopods, sea-weeds.
Fishes, shell-fish, crustacea,
zoophytes; ferns, lycopods,
sea-weeds.

Shell-fish, crustacea,

worm

tracks, zoophytes; sea-weeds.

Crustacea, worm-burrows, and
zoophytes.

Traces of lowly or foramini-
feral organisms.

| RANGE OF VERTEBRATA. RANGE OF INVERTEBRATA.

RANGE OF ENDOGENS.

RANGE OF GYMNOGENS

RANGE OF ACROGENS.

RANGE OF AMPHIGENS.