Sweden and Norway July 4, 1799 Mar. 8, 1844 45 Lutheran
July 6, 1796 Dec. 1, 1825 29 Greek Church
Oct. 6, 1803 Jan. 20, 1848 39 Lutheran
May 24, 1819 June 20, 1837 18 Prot. Episc.

Holland orNetherlands Feb. 19, 1817 Mar. 17, 1849 32 Reformed

Belgium

Prussia

Dec. 16, 1790 July 21, 1831 40 Lutheran*
Oct. 15, 1795 June 7, 1840 45 Evangelical
May 18, 1797 June 6, 1836 39 Catholic*
May 27, 1819 Nov. 18, 1851 33 Evangelical

Fred. Francis Grand Duke Mecklenburg-Schwer. Feb. 28, 1823 Mar. 7, 1842 19 Lutheran

Mecklenburg-Strelitz Aug. 12, 1779 Nov. 6, 181637
July 13, 1783 May 21, 1829 46
Apr. 25, 1806 Apr. 25, 1831 25
July 24, 1817 Aug. 20, 1839 22 Evangelical

Russia

Frederic VII.

King

Denmark

Victoria

Queen

Great Britain

William III.

King

Leopold

66

Fred. Wm. IV.

Grand Duke Saxe-Weimar-Eisen Feb. 2, 1783 June 14, 1828 45 Lutheran

Prince

Ferdinand Landgrave

Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Saxe-Meiningen
Saxe-Altenburg

June 21, 1818 Jan. 29, 1844 26
Dec. 17, 1800 Dec. 24, 1803 3
July 24, 1796 Nov. 30, 1848 52
Oct. 1, 1794 Aug. 9, 1817 22 Evangelical
Anhalt-Bernberg Mar. 2, 1805 Mar. 24, 1834 29
Schwarzburg-Rudolst. Nov. 6, 1793 Apr. 23, 1807 13 Lutheran
Schwarz'g-Sonder'n, Sept. 24, 1801 Sept. 3, 1835 34
Reuss, Elder Line, June 29, 1794 Oct. 31, 1836 42
Reuss, Younger Line, May 31, 1785 Apr. 17, 1818 33
Lippe-Detmold Sept. 1, 1821 Jan. 1, 1851 30 Reformed
Lippe-Schaumburg Dec. 20, 1784 Feb. 13, 1787 2
Waldeck
Jan. 14, 1831 May 15, 1845 14 Evangelical
Apr. 26, 1783 Sept. 8, 1848 65 Reformed
Sept 9, 1826 Mar. 30, 1852 26 Evangelical
Aug. 20, 1802 Nov. 20, 1847 45 Reformed

Hesse-Homburg

Hesse-Cassel

Frederic PrinceRegent Baden

Frederic Wm. Elector

Chas. Antony † Prince

Grand Duke Hesse-Darmstadt June 9, 1806 June 16, 1848 42 Lutheran
Hohenzol'n-Sigmar'n, Sept. 7, 1811 Aug. 27, 1848 37 Catholic †
Hohenzol'n Hechin'n, Feb. 16, 1801 Sept. 13, 1838 37
Liechtenstein

66

Fran.Joseph.I. Emperor

N. Bonaparte

Louis III.

Frederic t

Aloys

William

MaximilianII.

66

Bavaria

Austria

Chas. Louis

President

France

Isabella II.

Queen

Spain

Maria II.

66

Portugal

VictorEmanuel King

Tuscany
Parma
Modena and Massa
States of the Church
Two Sicilies
Greece

May 26, 1796 Apr. 20, 1836 40

66

Sept. 27, 1781 Oct. 30, 181635 Lutheran
Nov. 23, 1811 Mar. 21, 1848 37 Catholic

Aug. 18, 1830 Dec. 2, 1848 18 66

Apr. 20, 1808 Dec. 20, 1851 43

Oct. 10, 1830 Sept. 29, 1833 3
Apr. 4, 1819 May 2, 1826 7
Mar. 14, 1820 Mar. 23, 1849 29
Oct. 3, 1797 June 18, 1824 26
Jan. 24, 1823 Mar. 14, 1849 26
June 1, 1819 Jan. 21, 1846 26
May 13, 1792 June 21, 1846 54
Jan. 12, 1810 Nov. 8, 1830 20
June 1, 1815 May
Apr. 23, 1823 July
Oct. 10, 1785 Oct.

t

7, 1832 17 Catholic*
2, 1839 16 Mahometan
2, 1841 56 Catholic

*The King of Belgium is a Protestant, though his subjects are mostly Catholics; the King of Saxony is a Catholic, though the greater part of his subjects are Protestants; and the King of Greece is a Catholic, though most of his subjects are of the Greek Church.

† Dec. 7, 1849. These two princes abdicated in favor of the king of Prussia.

STATES OF EUROPE.

With the Form of Government, and Square Miles, according to McCulloch's Geographical Dictionary, with Corrections; and the Population (chiefly) from the Almanach de Gotha for 1852.

Andorre, Pyrenees, Repub. With two syndics and a council,

States having limited powers,

*Saxe-Weim.-Eisenach, "

*Austria, Empire,

*Baden, Grand Duchy,
*Bavaria, Kingdom,
Belgium,

*Bremen, Free City,
*Brunswick, Duchy,
Church, States of, Popedom,
Denmark, with Schleswig-
Holstein, Kingdom,
France,

*Frankfort, Free City,
Great Britain, Kingdom,
Greece,

66

66

Republic; senate and assembly,
Limited sovereignty; one chamber,
Absolute sovereignty,

Limited monarchy; with prov. states,
Republic; with two chambers,
Republic; senate and assembly,
Limited monarchy; lords and commons,
Limited monarchy; two chambers,
*Hamburg, Free City, Republic; senate and assembly,
*Hanover, Kingdom, Limited monarchy; two chambers,
*Hesse-Cassel, Electorate, Limited sovereignty; two chambers,
*Hesse-Darmstadt, G. Duch., Limited sovereignty; two chambers,
*Hesse-Homb'g, Landg'v'te, Limited sovereignty; one chamber,
Holland, with Luxemburg, Limited monarchy; two chambers,
Ionian Islands, Republic, Under Brit. protec.; council and chamb.
*Liechtenstein, Principal., Limited monarchy; with one chamber,
*Lippe-Detmold,
Lippe-Schaumburg, "
*Lubec, Free City,
*Mecklen. Schwerin, G. Du.
*Mecklenburg-Strelitz, "
Modena and Massa, Duchy,
Monaco, Principality,
*Nassau, Duchy,
*Oldenburg, Grand Duchy,
Parma, Duchy,
Portugal, Kingdom,
*Prussia,

66

*Reuss, Principalities of,
Russia (in Europe). Empire,
San Marino, Republic,
Sardinia, Kingdom,
*Saxony,

*Saxe-Altenburg, Duchy,

Limited sovereignty; one chamber,
Absolute monarchy,

Senate and council of ancients,
Limited monarchy; two chambers,
Limited monarchy; two chambers,
Limited sovereignty; one chamber,

*Saxe-Coburg & Gotha, " Lim. sov.; one chamb. for each duchy,

*Saxe-Mein.-Hildburgh."

255,226,37,443,033

1846

Limited sovereignty; two chambers,
Limited monarchy;

5,712 1,362,774

1849

28,435 4,519,546

1850

11,313 4,359,090

1849

112 72,820

1842

66

66

2,470 278,030 1851

2,184

494,737

1850

34,500 3,412,500

1841

107,300 16,346,625

1849

* Member of the Confederation of Germany.

† United to Anhalt-Dessau and Bernburg, since November 23, 1847.

1 Including Poland and Finland.

15,261 2,390,116

1850

189,920 15,500,000 1844 8,712 1,696,483

3,708,871

§ Including Wallachia, Moldavia, and Servia.

S170,715 3,399,341

1840

121,725 1,328,471 1845

455

58,219

1850

7,568 1,802,252|

1850

GREAT BRITAIN.

THE ROYAL FAMILY.

The Queen. Alexandrina Victoria, born May 24, 1819; succeeded her uncle, William IV., June 20, 1837; married, Feb. 10, 1840, to Prince Francis Albert Augustus Charles Emanuel of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, born Aug. 26, 1819. Issue, Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, born Nov. 21, 1840; Albert Edward, born Nov. 9, 1841; Alice Maud Mary, born April 25, 1843; Alfred Ernest Albert, born August 6, 1844; Helena Augusta Victoria, born May 25, 1846; Louisa Caroline Alberta, born March 18, 1848; Arthur William Patrick Albert, born May 1, 1850. Her Majesty's Mother, Victoria Maria Louisa, Princess Dowager of Leiningen, Duchess of Kent, born August 17, 1786.

The King of Hanover. George Frederic Alexander Charles Augustus, King of Hanover (second Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale), only son of Ernest, King of Hanover (who was fifth son of King George III., and uncle to the Queen), born May 27, 1819, married Feb. 18, 1843, the Princess Alexandrina, oldest daughter of Joseph, reigning Duke of Saxe Altenburg, by whom he has issue Ernest Augustus William Adolphus George Frederic, Crown Prince of Hanover, born September 21, 1845, and two Princesses.

The Duke of Cambridge. Prince George William Frederic Charles, son of Adolphus Frederic, the first Duke (who was youngest surviving son of King George III., and uncle to the Queen), born March 26, 1819.

The Duchess of Gloucester. Mary, Duchess of Gloucester, fourth daughter of King George III., and aunt to the Queen, born April 25, 1776, married, July 22, 1816, her cousin, Prince William Frederic, second Duke of Gloucester (who died Nov. 30, 1834).

High Court of Chancery. - Baron St. Leonards (E. B. Sugden, ap. 1852), Lord High Chancellor, salary, £ 10,000; Sir John Romilly (ap. 1851), Master of the Rolls, £7,000; Sir George James Turner (b. 1798, ap. 1851), Sir R. T. Kindersley (b. 1792, ap. 1851), Sir John Stuart (ap. 1852), ViceChancellors, £6,000 each.

Court of Appeal in Chancery.

Baron Cranworth (R. M. Rolfe, b. 1790, ap. 1851), Sir J. L. Knight Bruce (ap. 1851), Lords Justices, £6,000 each. Court of Queen's Bench.· - Lord Campbell (b. 1779, ap. 1850), Lord Chief Justice, £8,000; Sir J. T. Coleridge (b. 1790, ap. 1835), Sir Wm. Wightman (ap. 1841), Sir William Erle (b. 1793, ap. 1845), and Sir Charles Crompton (ap. 1852), Judges, £5,500 each.

Court of Common Pleas. - Sir John Jervis (b. 1802, ap. 1850), Lord Chief Justice, £7,000; Sir W. H. Maule (ap. 1840), Sir C. Creswell (ap. 1842), Sir Edw. Vaughan Williams (ap. 1847), and Sir Thomas Noon Talfourd (b. 1795, ap. 1849), Judges, £5,500 each.

Court of Exchequer. - Sir Frederic Pollock (b. 1783, ap. 1844), Lord Chief Buron, £7,000; Sir James Parke (b. 1782, ap. 1834), Sir E. H. Alderson (b. 1787, ap. 1834), Sir Thomas Joshua Platt (ap. 1845), Sir Samuel Martin (ap. 1850), Barons, £5,500 each.

Scotland.

Court of Session: Inner House. - 1st Division. Duncan McNeill, Lord Colonsay (b. 1794, ap. 1852), Lord President, £4,800. John Fullerton, Lord Fullerton (ap. 1829); John Cunningham, Lord Cunningham (b. 1782, ap. 1837); Adam Anderson (ap. 1852), Judges, £3,000 each.

Inner House: 2d Division. - Rt. Hon. John Hope (b. 1794, ap. 1844), Lord President, £4,500. Andrew Rutherford, Lord Rutherford (ap. 1851); Henry T. Cockburn, Lord Cockburn (ap. 1834); Judges, £3,000 each. (One vacancy, Nov. 19, 1852.)

Outer House: Permanent Lords Ordinary J. A. Murray, Lord Murray (ap. 1839); James Ivory, Lord Ivory (b. 1792, ap. 1840); Alexander Wood, Lord Wood (ap. 1842); Patrick Robertson, Lord Robertson (b. 1794, ap.