18.-JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. The electors of the several towns shall, at their annual town meet. ing, and in such manner as the legislature may direct, elect justices of the peace, whose term of office shall be four years. In case of an election to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of a full term, they shall hold for the residue of the unexpired term. Their number and classification may be regulated by law. Justices of the peace, and judges or justices of inferior courts not of record, and their clerks, may be removed, after due notice aud an opportunity of being heard by such courts as may be prescribed by law, for causes to be assigned in the order of removal. Justices of the peace and district court justices shall be elected in the different cities of this state, in such manner, and with such powers, and for such terms, respectively, as shall be prescribed by law; all other judicial officers in cities, whose election or appointment is not otherwise provided for in this article, shall be chosen by the electors of cities, or appointed by some local authorities thereof.

19.-INFERIOR LOCAL COURTS. Inferior local courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction may be established by the legislature; and, except as herein otherwise provided, all judicial officers shall be elected or appointed at such time, and in such manner, as the legislature may direct.

20.-CLERKS of the several counties shall be clerks of the supreme court, with such powers and duties as shall be prescribed by law. The clerk of the court of appeals shall keep his office at the seat

of government. His compensation shall be fixed by law and paid out of the public treasury.

? 21.-FEES. No judicial officer, except justices of the peace, shall receive to his own use any fees or perquisites of office; nor shall any judge of the court of appeals, justice of the supreme court, or judge of a court of record in the cities of New York, Brooklyn or Buffalo, practice as an attorney or counselor in any court of record in this state, or act as referee.

22.-JUDGMENTS. The legislature may authorize the judgments, decrees and decisions of any court of record of original civil jurisdiction, established in a city, to be removed for review, directly into the court of appeals.

23. THE LEGISLATURE shall provide for the speedy publication of all statutes, and also for the appointment, by the justices of the supreme court designated to hold general terms, of a reporter of the decisions of that court. All laws and judicial decisions shall be free for publication by any person.

24. THE FIRST ELECTION of the judges of the court of appeals, and of the three additional judges of the court of common pleas for the city and county of New York, shall take place on such day, between the first Tuesday in April and the second Tuesday in June, next after the adoption of this article, as may be provided by law. The court of appeals, the commissioners of appeals, and the additional judges of the said court of common pleas, shall respectively enter upon their duties on the first Monday of July thereafter.

25.-SURROGATES, justices of the peace, and local and judicial officers provided for in section 16, in office when this article shall take effect, shall hold their respective offices until the expiration of their terms.

26.-COURTS OF SPECIAL SESSIONS Shall have such jurisdiction of offenses of the grade of misdemeanors as may be prescribed by law.

? 27.-SURROGATES' COURTS. For the relief of surrogates' courts, the legislature may confer upon courts of record, in any county having a population exceeding four hundred thousand, the powers and jurisdiction of surrogates, with authority to try issues of fact by jury in probate causes.

ABATE:

INDEX.

when action not to,...........

ABSCONDING DEBTOR. See Debtor.

ABSENCE:

from state, effect on limitation,..

of party, trial in,..........

ABSENT DEBTOR. See Debtor.

ACCOUNT:

jurisdiction of,

manner of pleading,

when cause of action accrues,......

how pleaded,

further, court may order,.

reference to take,

of property of corporation,

guardian to render,....

ACT:

divided into two parts,....

first part relates to courts,....

second part relates to civil actions,

how far applicable to justices' courts,...

construction of,.........

when to take effect,

ACTION:

PAGE.

50

43

110

25

29

43

69

69

103, 117

193

185

2

2

2

30

199, 200, 201

201

defined,.

1

division into civil and criminal

2