based on ledge to the fullest extent the interdependence of the moral sciences. They do not pretend to such exactitude in their prevision of phenomena as the economist, or attempt to draw definite lines of demarcation between ethical, social, and economic forces. The moralist does not say, this is an ethical force, that a social, and that an industrial force, and exclude the latter Industry altogether from his consideration. The sociothe ethical logist does not proceed by separating the social from the ethical and industrial forces, and confine himself strictly to the former. It is only the economist who believes in the doctrine of isolation. He boldly takes his stand on Egoism, pure and simple, and insists on rigorously excluding the Hemeistic and Allostic forces. A little consideration will show, however, that the very foundations of Industrial Science rest on the Ethical Sentiment. sentiment. It will not be disputed that industry is based on Origin of property. Without property, public or private, property. there could be no such thing as wealth, and therefore no incentive to production. The desire to appropriate is the primal force of human industry. But this desire, if unrestrained, would only lead to perpetual strife. Each individual would seek to appropriate the appropriations of others as the readiest way of satisfying his desire. No one could be sure of retaining what he had, however acquired, and society, if it existed at all, would be in a continual state of warfare. In order that this desire may find satisfaction, and at the same time that the existence of society be rendered possible, property was sanctioned. And its existence is solely due to the Ethical Sentiment. Property is a Right. It is the moral judgment that sanctions its appropriation. The source of this sanction is in man himself, not in the object appropriated. The conflicting claims of individual competitors are adjusted on the ground of equity or justice. The right to hold involves the right to acquire, and as soon as the mind grasped the idea that it was right that the man should retain what he had acquired, the existence of property was possible and not before. Or we might put the matter in another way. To enjoy without labour is the natural inclination of every man. But the world is so constituted that man cannot enjoy without labour, either on the part of himself or of some one else on his behalf. To procure even the necessaries of life requires the expenditure of human effort, more or less. But no one would care to assured that he would enjoy exert himself unless he were the profits of his exertion. What a man produces or creates he has a right or moral claim to appropriate to his own use. Appropriation, in the first instance, was no doubt effected by the tribe. In the earliest stages of society the members of a tribe took possession of a certain area of land which they occupied as their hunting ground, and which they held in common against all comers. But even in the rudest state of society the individual was not wholly absorbed in the tribe. Different individuals have different degrees of capacity, and if an individual, while doing his full share of labour in providing for the common wants did something beyond this, justice demanded that he, and not another, should enjoy the fruits of his labour. Hence the origin of private property. Appropriation, public or private, sanctioned by justice, thus became the basis of the whole industrial system. The Ethical Sentiment is also the basis of contract. Origin of A contract, to be valid, must be made with a contract. full knowledge of what it involves; must be voluntary; and there must be an adequate consideration. What does all this mean if it is not another way of saying that a contract to be valid must, in its nature, be equitable and just? The moral element is, indeed, absolutely essential to The ethical sentiment industry. It is the foundation on which the whole industrial system rests. There would be necessary. no production unless the producer had the assurance that he would enjoy the fruits of his labour. The division of employment would not be possible unless the labourer believed that he would obtain a fair price for his products or an adequate remuneration for his services. Commerce could not be carried on unless the contracting parties had faith in each other's honesty, for honesty on the part of the agents is implied in every act of exchange. Honesty, in fact, is an essential attribute of every industrial action. When a man buys anything he mentally asks, Has the seller come honestly by it? is the article what it is represented to be ? is the price asked for it a fair one? And it is only when affirmative answers are given to these questions which the intending purchaser puts to himself that any transaction takes place. The moral element is no doubt an embarrassing one for the deductionist to deal with, but if it is essential, its elimination is worse than useless—it is mischievous. of Industrial to Social and Ethical Industrial Science is intimately related to Ethics on the one hand, and to Social Science on the Relation other. But it is subordinate to Social Science as the latter is again subordinate to Ethics. Social Science is the key-stone of the arch of Science. which Ethics is the foundation. It is the Social Sanction that gives expression and force to the Ethical Sentiment, and it is to the Ethical Sentiment that we owe the ideas of property and contract. There could be no contract without exchange, no exchange without property, or something to exchange, and there could be no property unless society sanctioned appropriation. Thus Ethics, Sociology, and Industrial Science are not separate and independent, but inseparable and interdependent sciences, each being necessary to the other, each forming a part of one whole Science of Man. CHAPTER XII. RELATION TO ART. Science and art. THE difference between science and art may be explained in a few words. Science investigates, art applies. Science deals with what is, art with what should be. Science treats of phenomena, and the causes or forces which produce them; art employs these forces to produce phenomena of the same or of a different kind, according to the aim of the artist. As there is an art and a science of ethics, and an art The art of and a science of society, so there is an art and legislation. a science of industry. The art of industry is Industrial Legislation. Positive law stands in the same relation to natural law that art does to science. Like true art, wise legislation is based on scientific law. The legislator makes use of the facts of Industrial Science, but he does not confine himself to these; he also uses the materials furnished him by the moralist and sociologist, in the same way as the navigator does with the facts of astronomy and geometry, as the agriculturist with those of chemistry, physiology, and botany, or |