are not received into residence under eighteen. Special facilities are given to foreign students. There are about 300 resident and non-resident

students.

The Women's Department of King's College, Kensington Square, W. (Vice-Principal, Miss H. D. Oakeley, M.A.), provides lectures and classes as preparation for the London and Oxford examinations. The Art School, under Mr. Byam Shaw, R.I., and Mr. Vicat Cole, R.B.A., was entirely reorganised during 1904. A special course of Biblical study is arranged for during the session. Students in Divinity are prepared for the "Diploma in Theology instituted by the Archbishop of Canterbury. A residence for 25 students is under the charge of Miss E. Faithfull, King's Hall, 32, De Vere Gardens. A Physics Laboratory for students of the Intermediate B.Sc. Examination is now fitted up. Advanced students for the final B.Sc. do their work at the College Laboratories. Matriculated students of the Women's Depart ment rank as "internal" students of London University.

Westfield College, Hampstead, founded in '82 for the preparation of women students for the degrees of the University of London. A School of the University in the Faculty of Arts. Fifty-nine resident students received, each having two rooms. Candidates for admission must pass an entrance examination if they have not already passed the Matriculation or some equivalent. Entrance scholarships of from £40 to £50 a year for 3 years are offered at an examination held in May each year. Fees for board, residence and tuition, 105 per annum. Mistress, Miss Maynard; Secretary, Miss S. M. Smee.

Students of University College, London, of the Slade School of Art, and of the London School of Medicine for Women, can reside, under collegiate regulations, at College Hall, Byng Place, Gordon Square. (Founded '82. Incorporated '86. Principal, Miss Lindsell, M.A.) A Pfeiffer Fellowship and Scholarship, tenable at the Hall, are awarded each year. There is accommodation for 37 students.

The lectures and laboratories of University College, London, are open to women. Apply to the Lady Superintendent, Miss Morison. A register of boarding-houses is kept at the College for the convenience of students, but such residences are not under College control. The London School of Economics, Clare Market, W.C., provides teaching, and prepares women for examination in economics and political science, including commerce and industry. Fees £10 10s. per session.

The School of Sociology and Social Economics, 63, 64, Denison House, 296, Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W. (Hon. Sec., Mrs. G. F. Hill), provides lectures and courses of training in both practice and theory. Fees for complete course, L12 128. per session. £5 per term.

The St. Paul's Girls' School, Brook Green, Hammersmith, W., on the foundation of Dean Colet (Trustees, the Worshipful Company of Mercers), was opened in Jan. 1904 (HighMistress, Miss Gray). Tuition fees, payable in advance, £7 per term.

St. Leonards School, St. Andrews; Roedean School, Brighton; and Wycombe Abbey, Bucks, are large residential establishments founded to give to girls similar advantages to those open to boys in our great public schools.

In the University of Leeds (charter 1904) all classes and laboratories are open to women. Fees for complete course of instruction from 615 to 631 per annum. Apply to the Registrar, W. F. Husband, LL.B. Lyddon Hall has been licensed by the Court as a place of residence for students, and the University also issues a list of lodgings which have satisfied its inspection.

The University of Birmingham grants degrees to women. There is a Hall of residence for 55. Women Students:-University House, Edgbaston Park Road. Warden, Miss S. M. Fry; Sub-Warden, Miss B. Orange.

Women

women, except in Divinity. The University of Durham grants degrees to There is a women's hall of residence (Principal, Miss Elizabeth Robinson, The Women's Hostel, Palace Green). students are offered in June of each year. Scholarships for The Durham College of Science at Newcastleon-lyne (Secretary, H. F. Stockdale), represents the faculties of Science, Medicine, and Engineering in the University of Durham, and is open to women students.

The University of Sheffield grants degrees, without distinction of sex, in the faculties of Arts, Science, Technology, Medicine, and Law. There is a University Hostel for Women. The Tutor for Women is Miss M. J. Sorby.

Ireland and Scotland.

In Ireland the University of Dublin opens its degrees and teaching to women. Students are prepared at Alexandra College for the University of Dublin. Exhibitions and scholar. ships of the value of £400 are awarded. Lady Principal, Miss H. M. White, LL.D.

Trinity College, Dublin, in 1904 opened all its degrees, teaching, and prizes in Arts and Medicine to women. In 1907 they were also admitted to the lectures, examinations and

degrees in Law. A special wing has been built for women in the Medical School, and special rooms are set apart for their use in the College. A hall of residence (Trinity Hall), in the suburb of Rathmines, has been provided, and is being extended so as to accommodate 50 students. The women students are under the supervision of the Lady Registrar (Miss Lucy Gwynn).

In Scotland the classes of the University of St. Andrews, both professorial and tutorial, in Arts, Divinity, Science, and Medicine, are open to women students, and the University confers all degrees upon them. The diploma of LL.A. is also granted to them. University Hall (Warden, Mrs. Neave, B.Sc. Lond.), opened by the University Sept. '96, is now being extended to accommodate 65 students. Fees for board and residence during the academic year of three terms, £45 to £75. Scholarships, value from £40 to £15, are competed for in October. The Faculties in Arts, Science, and Medicine of the University of Aberdeen are open to women, but no hostel is provided.

At Edinburgh University degrees are given to women in Arts, Law, Science, and Medicine. Women are admitted to the Arts and Law classes with the men, and on the same terms as regards academic privilege. The Divinity classes are also open to women. Degrees are given to women in Science and Medicine, but most of the medical classes are not open to them. Masson Hall, 31, George Square, Edinburgh, was opened in '97 for the accommodation of women students (Warden, Miss F. H. Simson, M.A.). The Muir Hall of Residence, 12, George Square, Edinburgh (Lady Superintendent, Miss Robertson), is open for students of all the faculties.

Queen Margaret College, Glasgow (Mistress, Miss Frances H. Melville, M.A.), by incorporation in '93 is now the Women's Department of the University of Glasgow as a non-residential College for Women governed by the University Court and Senate. Women are there prepared for all degrees in Arts, Science, Medicine, Law, and Theology.

Queen Margaret Hall (Lady Superintendent, Miss Spens), with an average of 34 students, provides a residence for students attending Queen Margaret College. Clinical work is done at the Royal Infirmary and other local hospitals. Terms for board and residence from £32 to £40 per College year.

Wales.

In South Wales the classes of University College, Cardiff, in arts, science, and medicine are open to women students, and the degrees of B.A., B.Sc., M.A., D.Sc. of the University of Wales are conferred upon them. Student's can take the first two or three years of a medical course and proceed to the Universities of London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, etc. There are Secondary, Elementary, and Kindergarten Training Departments. Entrance scholarships of the value of £40 and under are competed for annually. The Aberdare Hall of Residence for women students (Principal, Miss Kate Hurlbatt), accommodates 60 students. Terms for board and residence 32 to 42 10s. per annum. College fees in Arts 10, in Science 13 guineas per annum.

The University College of North Wales (Bangor) gives the same advantages to women as to men in preparation for degrees and for the medical preliminaries of various Universities. There is a University Hostel for Women Students (Warden, Miss Dorothy Chapman, M.A.). Open entrance scholarships (from £40 to £10 in value) are offered to men and women alike.

University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, prepares for graduation in the faculties of arts, science, and law in the University of Wales, and includes most of the subjects required for the degrees of the University of London. Entrance scholarships, open to women, are competed for annually. The Women's Hostel (Alexandra Hall, Warden, Miss E. A. Fewings) has rooms for students.

Medical Training.

200

Women are eligible for the medical degrees of the University of London, the diplomas of the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, England, the conjoint examination of the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, the Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, Edinburgh, the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons, Glasgow (conjoint), the Society of Apothecaries, London, and the University of Durham. It is easier, and takes a shorter time, to pass the colleges than the Universities, but by the regulations five years is the required period for which a student admitted under the age of 16, and, unless must be registered as such. Students are not matriculation has been taken, a preliminary examination in English, Latin, and one other language, elementary mathematics, and arithmetic, has to be passed before registration. In London clinical instruction is given at the Royal Free Hospital, and the practice and teaching are reserved for the students of the London School of Medicine for Women. Every medical student must apply for registration at the office of the General Medical Council, 299, Oxford Street, W., within 15 days after the commencement of professional study. The whole course of medical study for the University of London, the Royal Colleges of England, the Society of Apothecaries, and the conjoint colleges can be completed at the London School of Medicine for Women, 8, Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, W.C. The greater part of the course for Durham and Glasgow can also be taken at this school. Courses are arranged for the Primary Fellowship Examination of the Royal College of Surgeons, England. Certain courses in Biology, Physics, Chemistry, etc., are open to students preparing for examinations in science. Students not intending to study medicine with a view to practise may, by permission of the Council, attend certain classes upon payment of the fees, without passing the examination in arts. Art students are admitted to the classes of anatomy and practical anatomy. Valuable scholarships are annually competed for at the London School in September. There are eight sets of students' chambers at the school, 8, Hunter Street, W.C., for which application should be made to the Secretary and Warden, Miss Brooks, from whom also a list of other residences for women students in the neighbourhood can be obtained.

of Canterbury adopted a resolution requesting the President to summon a special session of Convocation to discuss the reports of the committees which have been preparing schemes of revision, and any questions arising out of them. A special session was accordingly held in November, and after an involved debate a resolution in favour of revision was passed by 71 votes to 44. The House then proceeded to consider the amendments proposed by the Committee in the Litany and in the Prayers and Thanksgivings, and adopted most of them. At diocesan conferences and other ecclesiastical gatherings the subject has been frequently discussed, and the trend of opinion seems to be in favour of revision, though a strong opposition is in evidence. In Scotland a Committee of Revision has published the result of its labours, and these will shortly come under the consideration of the authorities of the Scottish Episcopal Church.

The Scottish Church Assemblies had no burning questions to deal with during the year. In the United Free Church Assembly a report by the Committee on Church and State was so reserved in its language in view of the Joint Conference of the Church of Scotland and the United Free Church (see ANNUAL for 1910, p. 553), that it aroused the suspicion of the advocates of disestablishment, who feared their cause was to be betrayed. It was with difficulty that the Moderator persuaded them to close the debate and adopt the report. The proceedings of the Joint Conference are conducted in private, but it is understood that good progress has been made.

The National Free Church Council met at Hull in March and appointed a Commission of Inquiry to consider an important proposal made by the Rev. J. H. Shakespeare. In an impressive speech he pointed out the gradual weakening of Denominationalism amongst them, and compared it to a hollow tree held up by the iron bands of trust deeds and destined to fall ere long. He advocated the formation of a United Free Church of England, to consist of all the bodies belonging at present to the National Free Church Council. This new Church would consist of several distinct sections known as the Baptist Section, the Methodist Section, and so on, but all working together in a common policy and in full co-operation. He urged that such a union would consolidate the forces of Nonconformity, and the consequent redistribution of colleges, chapels, and missions would save large sums of money. Mr. Shakespeare's scheme is a development of the idea which underlies the National Free Church Council, and there seems a good prospect of its adoption.

giving a call to the pastorate each congregation is to consider and decide whether it shall be for a definite period not exceeding seven years, or without any time limit whatever. Further, instead of raising the proposed Sustentation Fund by a fixed levy based on the salary paid by each congregation to its pastor, it was agreed to leave this duty to voluntary effort. In this modified form the scheme was adopted, and the Assembly agreed to a resolution expressing its judgment that the adoption of the scheme would mark a real advance in denominational usefulness and efficiency, and would mitigate many of the evils of the present system. By this action the Baptists have taken a step in advance of the Congregational Union, which has been for some time maturing a similar scheme. But although the Sustentation Fund of the Congregationalists has been floated and has already received about £150,000 in subscriptions, the details of administration have not yet been settled. The Congregationalists, however, equally with the Baptists, have renounced the old principle of isolated independency by which they formerly stood. The cause of Church Union has received a rebuff in South Africa, where the proposed union of the Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Baptists, and Methodists has failed through the withdrawal of the Methodists, who thought the proposal premature. Although greatly disappointed, the other three denominations resolved to go forward, and a Union Committee, nominated by them, succeeded in agreeing upon the creed, polity, and title of the proposed "Union Church of South Africa." By a majority the Presbyterian Assembly decided to withdraw at this stage, and the movement was ended. At the meeting of the General Synod of the Church of Ireland at Dublin a noteworthy discussion took place on the subject of reunion. Chancellor O'Connor and the Bishop of Derry advocated exchange of pulpits with Presbyterian ministers, and the tone of the whole discussion was of the utmost friendliness towards Presbyterianism.

It was

But

At present the Nonconformist bodies are much exercised concerning the future of the Brotherhood Movement, which has grown with great rapidity during the last few years. It is a development of the P.S.A. meeting, which was an attempt to attract men who did not attend the ordinary Sunday services. a kind of religious "free and easy," and met with a large measure of success. It was managed and supervised by the ministers and deacons, by whom the programmes of the meetings were arranged and the speakers chosen. The Brotherhood movement binds together the members of the P.S.A.'s into a union which manages its own affairs, and selects its own officers and speakers. although organised to this extent, it possesses no creed, has no worship, observes no sacraments, and defers to no ecclesiastical authority. Though meeting in chapels, the members of the Brotherhood are not connected with them nor do they join them. They seem content with what in the way of religion the Brotherhood supplies, and the movement, instead of being a supplement to the Church and a preparation for it, is becoming a substitute and supplanter. The result is that many ministers and deacons are asking what advantage to any chapel is it to possess a Brotherhood, and it does not seem unlikely that the movement may

cut its connection with the denominations which have nurtured it and set up as an independent organisation.

After a period of peace, the Church of England has been agitated by ritual troubles at Brighton. The Bishop of Chichester had sent out a Pastoral Letter to the clergy of his diocese based on their replies to his visitation questions. While allowing a considerable Jatitude in matters of ritual and ceremonial, the Bishop drew the line at certain practices which he regarded as unlawful, and in particular he directed that the Sacrament should not be reserved except for its primitive and catholic use (viz. for the communion of the sick and dying), and that it should not be used at any public service, such as Exposition and Benediction. The vicars of four Brighton churches were unable to adopt the Bishop's views, and finally two of them, the Vicars of St. Bartholomew and the Church of the Annnciation, resigned their benefices. Although the congregations attending both churches have with singular unanimity stood by their vicars, this seems due rather to personal affection and esteem than to any attachment to the practices condemned by the Bishop, for few of them have followed their pastors into the Church of Rome. It is significant that the English Church Union refrained from championing the cause of the two Brighton vicars, and that the High Church journals, though regretting the Bishop's action, admitted that he was strictly within his rights. Everything goes to show that the novel practices of Exposition of and Benediction with the Reserved Sacrament will be suppressed throughout the Church of England.

The Old Catholics scattered throughout England have recently been organised, and Dr. A. Mathew has been consecrated as their Bishop. They are for the most part Dutchmen or Germans who have been connected with Old Catholic Churches in their own countries, and who are now resident in England. In addition to these there are a number of priests and laity who have left the Roman Catholic Church in England because of the Ultramontanism which prevails in it. The Old Catholics recognise the canons and degrees of the Council of Trent, but refuse to accept the dogma of papal infallibility. They permit the marriage of priests, the use of the native tongue in the church services, and the restoration of the cup to the laity in Mass. The High Church Anglicans, who have been strong supporters of the Old Catholic movement on the Continent, were disposed to favour its organisation in England, but their attitude has changed since Bishop Mathew announced that he was unable to recognise the validity of Anglican orders. This deliverance commits no one but himself, as the Old Catholic bishops abroad have given no decision on the subject, and their friendly intercourse with Anglican clergy points to their being of a different opinion.

or decisions made and the Congress became, as it has since continued to be, a meeting for the interchange of opinion without dividing those present into a majority and minority. The Congress has long ceased to be regarded with suspicion by the bishops, who are now amongst its strongest supporters, and it has neither been monopolised nor controlled by any of the great church parties. The attendance of members during the last twenty years has averaged 3,500. The Congress at Cambridge this year was marked by much enthusiasm, and its numerous meetings were largely attended. Of special interest was the discussion on the eschatological problems connected with our Lord. Since the publication of Dr. Schweitzer's book on this subject, and notably since its translation into English, his views have aroused much interest and called forth support and opposition. Although he is free from all bias to orthodoxy, Schweitzer denounces the prevailing school of Liberalism in German theology, and maintains that its conception of Christ is untrue and has no support from scientific criticism of the Gospels. He does not accept the view that Christ was essentially a moral teacher and designedly the founder of a new religion; on the contrary, he holds that Christ was first and last a prophet of the last things, who regarded the end of the world as imminent and whose mission was to announce the catastrophe and prepare men for it. Dr. Schweitzer's view is at least as one-sided as that which he controverts, but the value of his work lies in his destructive criticism of the rationalist position and his proof that it quite fails to face one of the most important aspects of the life and work of Christ.

The

The decrease of candidates for the ministry is a problem which faces Christians of every denomination at the present time. Religious communities which seek for candidates and educate them free, or at a small cost, do not feel the difficulty to the same degree as those which expect candidates to offer themselves without solicitation and to find the means for their education. But even the Roman Catholics and the Nonconformists are finding it increasingly difficult to induce students to enter their seminaries, although the fees are low and in some cases non-existent. Church of England, which makes no financial provision for the training of her ministry, has to face the difficulty in its gravest form. The old universities are no longer sending a majority of their students into the ministry of the national Church, and the new universities fail to supply the deficit. The announcement of the Bishops that after 1917 they would ordain no candidate who was without a degree, has already proved a premature decision, and is to be reconsidered. It is becoming evident that the Church will need to provide for the free education of candidates for the ministry whose only bar is poverty. Even if this provision were made, the difficulty might not be completely solved. Undoubtedly the low salaries paid to clergy and ministers deter many from entering a profession so ill paid, but a more serious deterrent is the unsettled state of religious belief at the present time. Students who adopt the results of modern criticism and science do not see how these can be reconciled with the older theology, and their doubts hinder them from subscribing creeds or articles which set forth that theology.

The meeting of the Jubilee Church Congress at Cambridge on Sept. 27th has brought into prominence the history and progress of that unofficial Parliament of the Church of England. Begun in 1861 as a means of uniting those who were engaged in Church defence, it speedily became the meeting-ground of men of all parties and opinions. Through the masterly management of Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, who presided at the second Congress held at Oxford in 1862, no resolutions of any kind were passed