areas, though the medical officer had not been as yet approved. In 224 areas the school medical officer was also the medical officer of health to the Sanitary Authority, and in 76 others was in direct co-operation with the local medical officer of health. Assistant school medical officers were required in 147 arears, and altogether in England and Wales 1084 qualified officials are in part or whole time medical service of the schools. Sixty-eight women doctors, of whom eight are principal officers, are engaged in this work; and 292 nurses (134 whole time) have been appointed to 141 areas. The total number of children estimated for inspection in England and Wales was 1,328,000, The cost of the service varies in the localities from 4'7d. per child in average attendance in the counties to 756d. per child in average attendance in the urban districts. In regard to treatment, 55 Local Authorities had made provision, and a total estimated expenditure of £3,400 had been authorised. Power to employ their nurses for treatment was given to 37 Education Committees; 21 Committees provided spectacles; 8 made special contributions to secure hospital service; "Care Committees," or similar organisations, have been set up by the Somerset, Surrey, West Riding, Derbyshire, and West Sussex Education Committees. Bradford established a complete School Clinic, at a cost of 6220 for erection and apparatus and £378 for maintenance; 841 children were treated at the clinic, and 546 had their defects remedied or completely cured. A school dental clinic exists at Cambridge. Teachers and Training Colleges Although during 1910 there has been considerable agitation on the part of men and women who, having been trained for the purpose, have been unable to obtain employment in elementary schools, official figures show a steady decline in the number so preparing, opening up a prospect of a shortage of teachers in the near future. Whereas in 1906-7 there entered 11,901 candidates for the teaching profession, in 1909-ro the number was only 7,893 Up till 1907 the prospective teacher could only begin as a pupil-teacher; since that year an alternative Bursar system has enabled the intending teacher to defer his introduction to the work of tuition until his own schooling is complete, at 17 or 18 years of age. The bursar may then enter selected elementary schools as a student-teacher or proceed direct to a train ing college. In 1909-10 there were 3,712 bursars recognised and 4,181 pupil-teachers; the tendency is towards the disappearance of the latter class by the levelling up of their instruction to that of the bursars. There are now (1910) 653 Pupil-Teacher Centres, of which 555 form integral parts of secondary schools. Training Colleges for teachers were voluntary, denominational institutions, unaided by the State till 1890, when colleges of a non-residential character were first "recognised "at various universities. Since 1902 the Board of Education has offered large grants to Local Educational Committees for the provision of training colleges, and there are now available in England alone some 12,000 places, of which 9,500 are open to all candidates, irrespective of denominational considerations. In Wales, at July 1909, there was accommodation for 969 students at 7 training colleges. In connection with the colleges for men and 25 for women students. National Union of Teachers. The National Union of Teachers was founded 1870. Objects: (1) to promote the spread of education; (2) to bring practical knowledge to the school teachers in a strong professional bear on educational legislation; (3) to unite organisation; (4) to watch the interests and advance the welfare of schools and teachers. The Union provides legal advice, defence, and assistance for its members, professional advice and protection against unjust management or inspection of schools. Its organ is the SchoolThe forty-first annual conference was held at master. Conferences are annually held at Easter. Plymouth, March 28th to 31st, 1910, the Presi dent being Mr. Marshall Jack man. There are now 508 local associations in England and Wales, with 67,612 members. The N.U.T. Examinations Board conducts commercial diplomas in various subjects. There are a examinations annually, and issues teachers' Fund, and Orphan Homes in connection with Provident Society, Benevolent Fund, Orphan the Union. Over £23,000 is raised yearly for benevolent purposes. Bec., Sir James Yoxall, M.A., M.P. Offices, 67 and 71, Russell Square, W.C. Societies. National Education Association, established tion which shall be efficient, progressive, in '89 to promote a system of national educaunsectarian, and under popular control. Its constitution and policy are controlled by a council of 300 members, which is elected annually by the subscribers, branches, and affiliated bodies. President, Rt. Hon. Lord Sheffield; Treasurer, Rt. Hon. Lord Sheffield; Chairman of Executive Committee, Mr. J. Massie, M.A.; Secretary, Mr. A. J. Mundella. Offices, Caxton House, Westminster, S.W. of the Poor in the Principles of the Established in 1808. Secondary Education, HIGHER EDUCATION OF WOMEN. The Secondary Schools Branch of the Board 1st, 1903. It began in a very small way, but its of Education was formally constituted on April growth has been continuous and rapid. A strong body of Secondary School Inspectors Teachers' Guild ('85)- Hon. Organising Sec., H. B. Garrod, M. A.; Office Sec., H. Ord, M.A., 74, Gower Street, W.C. Association of University Women Teachers, Incorporated-Sec, Miss Gruner, 59, Cambridge Street, Hyde Park, W. has been created, and inspects, besides the grant-aided schools, a large number of others which seek recognition for efficiency.. The branch administers nearly three-quarters of a million of public money, of which over half a million goes in direct grant to secondary schools as such. Grants are paid as follows: £2 for each scholar between 10 and 12 on the first day of the school year who had been for at least 2 years under instruction in a public elementary school previously; £5 on account Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions of each scholar between 12 and 18 on the first-Hon. Sec., P. Abbott, B.A., 5, West View, day of the school year. Highgate Hill, London, N. the On March 30th, 1910, there were in England alone 833 grant-aided schools, of which all but 58 are free from denominational religious restrictions, are under effective popular control, and are open as regards a certain number of places (usually 25 per cent.) without payment of fee to children from the public elementary schools. The remaining 58 schools are in receipt of grant upon a lower scale through failure to meet one or more of these conditions, which were laid down in the Regula tions of 1907. The number of pupils receiving instruction in secondary schools on Board's grant list in 1908-9 was 136,000 (ap. proximately half boys and half girls), or about 41 per 1000 of the total population of England. These were taught by 8,436 teachers, of whom 4,278 were graduates. Only 8 per cent. of all the classes in the grant-aided schools contained more than 30 scholars. Adding the schools not on the grant list, but recognised as efficient, there are from 450 to 500 schools educating nearly 70,000 pupils, or 6'2 per cent. of the population. There are 258 secondary "Council" schools, and 38 more for which Education Committees have made themselves financially responsible. These educate altogether 56,000 pupils. Up till 1909, 1,054 secondary schools had been fully inspected in England. As to curriculum, the Board now discourages early specialisation and insists on a sound general education up to the age of 16 at least. In Wales 106 out of 108 secondary schools on the grant-aided list have secured the higher grant by compliance with the Regulations of 1907. Many of these schools offer more than 25 per cent. of free places. In the 108 schools there were 15,323 scholars under 880 full-time, and 146 visiting or occasional, teachers. Associations and Societies. Head Masters' Conference (1870), representing about 112 of the chief endowed schools of the country. The object of the Conference is the discussion of educational questions which affect such schools as are in close connection with the older universities. Sec., W. A Evans, 12, King's Bench Walk, Temple, E.C. Incorporated Association of Head Masters – Assist. Sec., H. Bendall, M.A., 37, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C. Incorporated Association of Assistant Masters in Secondary Schools-Sec., J. G. Lamb, M.A., 31, Great James Street, W.C. Association of Head Mistresses (incorporated 96)-Sec., Miss Ruth Young,, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W. Incorporated Association of Assistant Mistresses in Public Secondary Schools (84), 23, Berners Street, W.-Sec., Miss K. Andrews, 44, Mall Chambers, Kensington, W. Froebel Society-Chairman of the Council, Claude G. Montefiore; Sec., Miss Temple Orme, LL.D., 4. Bloomsbury Square, W.C. Workers' Educational Association (founded August 1903), to promote the higher educa tion of working people primarily by the extension of University teaching. Gen. Sec., Albert Mansbridge, 18, Adam St., Strand, W.C. M.A., 37, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C. Joint Scholarship Board - Sec., H. Bendall, Federal Council of Secondary Schools Associa. tions-Sec., H. Bendall, M.A., 37, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C. Société Nationale des Professeurs de Français en Angleterre, for promoting Study of the French Language and Literature, Sackville House, 8a, Red Lion Square, W.C. Technical Institutions, Schools of The grant for Technical Institutions and day technical classes for the year ended March 31st, 1909, was £35,587; and for Schools of Art and day art classes £65,186. There were 42 institutions, and grant was made on account of 3011 students. Day classes were recognised in 103 institutions, and grants were paid in respect of 9636 students. There were 46 art classes recognised, with 2642 students; while 42,112 students attended at 225 schools of art. Science examinations were held at 826 local centres and 42,601 students passed. Ten Royal Exhibitions (Art), 7 ditto (Science), 4 Whitworth Scholarships, 30 Whitworth Exhibitions, 19 Royal College of Art Scholarships, 22 National Scholarships (Science), 6 (Art), 21 Studentships in Training (Science), 15 Free Studentships (Art), 6 ditto (Science), and 2 Princess of Wales Scholarships, were awarded. Evening Schools. The grant for evening and other classes, not included above, for further education, was 393,436. There were recognised 7,153 schools, and 351,385 male and 244,649 female scholars, upon whom grants were paid. Museums, Colleges, etc. Out Grants were made to the Imperial College of Science and Technology of £20,000; to the Royal College of Art of £10,957; to the Victoria and Albert, Bethnal Green, and local Museum, the Geological Survey, and Commuseums of £82,376; and to the Geological mittee on Solar Physics of £23,650. of these funds provision is made, among other things, for short courses of instruction at the Royal Colleges of Science and Art to a limited number of selected students and teachers, who receive sums towards their railway fares and expenses. There are also similar aids to enable chosen students to visit national exhibitions and foreign towns and galleries. THE LONDON EDUCATION COMMITTEE. By the Education (London) Act, 1903, the Education Act, 1902, was, with a few modifications, applied to London; and the control of all education, primary and secondary, passed into the hands of the London County Council as the Education Authority on May 1st, 1904. Before that date the administration of education in London was divided between different bodies. The School Board for London, which was established in 1870, was responsible for the provision of public elementary schools to meet the needs of the population so far as they were not met by the existing voluntary schools. As regards the voluntary schools, the School Board exercised no control except to see that children attended regularly. The various managers of the schools dealt directly with the central authority, the Board of Education, in all matters relating to the organisation of the schools, the inspection of the work of the schools, and the receipt of the Government grant. Meanwhile the London County Council, acting through its Technical Education Board, was responsible for the supervision of technical education, and was also brought into close relations with secondary and university education. By the Education Acts of 1902 and 1903 the London County Council was made the local education authority responsible for all branches of education. In the field of elementary education it took over the whole of the work of the School Board for London, and also became responsible for maintaining the voluntary schools in a state of efficiency. The managers of the voluntary schools (now known as the non-provided schools) ceased to occupy the position which they had hitherto held towards the Board of Education. Government grants in respect of these schools became payable to the County Council, and the Council became responsible for the payment of the salaries of the teachers, using the rates, so far as necessary, to supplement the amount received from the Government. The whole of the elementary education of London was thus brought within the purview of one local authority, who were entrusted with the duty of supervising the curricula in all the schools and testing the efficiency of the work by its own inspectors. The County Council has emphasised this unification of the work of the two sets of schools by adopting a Standing Order that no difference shall be made in administration between the provided (or Council) schools and the non-provided (formerly Voluntary) schools, except so far as difference in method of treatment is required by statute. As regards higher education, the County Council carries on all the powers which it formerly exercised under the Technical Instruction Acts, and in addition has received greatly increased powers which entrust it with the duty of providing out of the rates such secondary and technical education as is necessary to supplement any existing provision and of coordinating all forms of education from the elementary school to the University. For the discharge of these important functions, the Council was required by the Education Acts to appoint an Education Committee, which should consist partly of members of the County Council and partly of other persons, including women. The Education Committee, thus appointed, consists of 50 members, of whom 38 are members of the Council and 12 are co-opted. The following are the members of the present Committee: Members of the Council. E. A. H. Jay, Chairman. Adler, Miss. D. D. Hill, Viscount.' Members appointed under clause 1 of the scheme Liversidge, H. W. of work, the Committee have appointed 9 SubIn order to carry out the various branches Committees, which are composed of from 6 to 17 members. The Sub-Committees meet, as a Council is sitting. Their meetings are conrule, once a week during the time when the ducted in private, and they present their reports weekly to the Education Committee, County Hall, Spring Gardens. Those matters which sits in public every Wednesday at the deal with themselves are reported to the weekly which the Education Committee are unable to meeting of the London County Council for ratification. responsibility which the Council should delegate The question of the amount of to the Education Committee has received very careful consideration. In general, it may be said that the Education Committee are empowered to deal with matters of ordinary current administration which fall within the while the Council reserves to itself the right objects provided for in the annual estimates, to deal with all matters that are new in principle or involve expenditure which has not been specifically sanctioned in the estimates. On matters of this nature the Finance Com mittee have the duty of reporting concurrently to the Council. The London County Council spends annually about five millions on education-4,100,000 on elementary and £900,000 on higher education. The receipts from Government grant and other sources amount to about £1,720,000; the rest of the cost falls on the ratepayers. The rate for education purposes is 20'25d. in the £, and a id. rate produces about £186,900. Schools and Institutions controlled by the Council. regulations of the Board of Education: the English language, handwriting, arithmetic, drawing, observation lessons and nature study, geography, history, singing, hygiene and Physical training, domestic subjects. Considerable freedom is now allowed to head teachers in organising the curricula in the various subjects, but their methods and work are subject to the inspection both of the Board of Education and of the London County Council. Open-air schools, classes in playgrounds, school journeys and visits to places of educational interest are among the more recent developments. Arrangements are made The following table shows the number of to provide, as far as possible, that all boys schools under the control of the Council: In addition to directly maintaining the schools referred to above, the Council, as the authority charged with the duty of supplying or aiding the supply of education other than elementary and of promoting the general co-ordination of all forms of education in the Co inty of London, subsidises by means of grants in aid of building, equipment, or general maintenance a large number of educational institutions in London, viz. the University of London, the schools of the University, secondary schools, polytechnics, technical institutes, schools of art and other institutions. Under the schemes of administration of these institutions and by virtue of its powers under Schedule I. (9) of the Education (London) Act, 1903, the Council is enabled to appoint representatives on the governing bodies. By these means the Council is brought into close relation with the institutions and is enabled to carry out the duty imposed upon it by the Education Acts of 1902 and 1903. The total number of teachers employed by the Council in its various institutions is about 20,000. The total number of children on the roll of the public elementary schools is 729,369, of whom 572,604 are on the rolls of the London County Council schools and 156,765 on the roll of non-provided schools. In addition there are 2167 children on the rolls of 21 other efficient elementary schools, which are not maintained by the Council. The instruction given in the elementary schools comprises the following subjects, which are prescribed by the during their last two years at school shal receive instruction in manual training, and all girls in their last two years instruction in domestic economy (cookery, dressmaking, and laundry work). Sufficient accommodation, however, has not yet been provided to enable this policy to be fully carried out. Physical Welfare of Children. In consequence of the adoption by the Council of sect. 3 of the Education (Provision of Meals) Act, 1966, the Council has appointed a Children's Care Committee for each public elementary school in London, and also 27 local associations in various districts. The duties of the School Care Committees are generally to befriend the children, and to carry on the work of selection of necessitous children in connection with the provision of school meals. The local associations deal with the actual feeding arrangements and discuss general questions arising in connection with the care of the child. All parents whose children are in receipt of school meals are notified of their liability under sect. 2 (1) of the Act with regard to the recovery of the cost of food supplied. The School Care Committees are also assisting in the Council's work under sect. 12 (1) of the Children Act, 1908, relating to cruelty to children. The number of necessitous children fed during the maximum week of the school year 1909-10 was about 55,000, and the number of meals given during that year was about 7,300,000. average cost of each meal, including the charge for preparation and service, is 2d. The extended powers which are conferred on local authorities by the Children Act, 1908, have strengthened the hands of the Council in promoting the physical and moral welfare of the children who attend the elementary schools. As regards the physical welfare of the children, the powers conferred by the Education (Administrative Provisions) Act, 1907, have enabled the Council to organise more fully than before a system of medical inspection of children, and the Council now has a staff of 84 doctors and 69 nurses at work in the schools. Arrangements have been made with certain London hospitals to provide for the medical treatment of the children who are shown by the inspection to be in need of treatment. The The principal officers of the Council engaged in educational administration are:Educational Adviser, Wm. Garnett, M.A., D.C.L. Education Officer, R. Blair, M.A., B.Sc. EDUCATION IN SCOTLAND. In Scotland, education is under the control of¦ a Committee of Council on Education consisting of The Lord President of the Council. The Right Hon Lord Shaw. The Right Hon. the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine, K.G., G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E. The Right Hon. Lord Reay, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E. Secretary, Sir John Struthers, K.C.B., LL.D. Assistant Secretaries, G. Macdonald, LL.D. (in Edinburgh), and G. W. Alexander, Esqs. Senior Chief Inspector, A. E. Scougal, Esq., LL.D. Offices, Dover House, Whitehall, London; and 14, Queen Street, Edinburgh. The Local Education Authorities for Scotland are School Boards, popularly elected. The Education (Scotland) Act of 1908 provided for the assimilation of the franchise to that for the Parish Councils and also for the combination of many of the smaller school board districts into larger areas. Although the section providing for this latter purpose does not come into effect till 1911, certain combinations have already been effected by voluntary arrangement. Co-operative action is also taken through Burgh and County Committees on Secondary Education, and (for the training of teachers) through Provincial Committees instituted in connection with the four Scottish Universities. The Act of 1908 gave to School Boards further responsibilities and powers for securing the health and well-being of children of school age, and placed upon them new and far-reaching duties in relation to young people who have left school and entered upon employment. The Edinburgh School Board has made marked success in using power to aid parents of children leaving school in the choice of their future employment. Schools will in future be classed as Primary, Intermediate, and Secondary. The total income of the 970 School Boards for the year ended Whitsunday 1909 £3,649,416; of which 1,427,707 represented was rates; 1,182,445 grants from the Scotch Educa tion Department; 360,841 other grants in relief of tees; £452,174 loans; 12,419 grants from County Council for Technical Education under the Customs and Excise Act of 1890; and £38,752 grants from Committees of Counties and Burghs for Secondary Education under the Act of 1892. The total expenditure was £3,747,947; of which £135,930 was for administration; £2,574,775 for maintenance of schools; £483,942 for capital charges; £262,742 for repayment of loans; and £211,154 for interest on loans. Voluntary Schools (chiefly Roman Catholic) had an income of £264,063, of which 198,051 was derived in grants from the Department; £2,225 from Local Taxation moneys; £22,094 from school fees and other sources; and £47.390 from voluntary contributions. The total expenditure on these schools L269,760. was 1 Primary and Intermediate Schools. During the year ending August 31st, 1909, in these schools there were 826,223 scholars on the register. Of these 15, 106 were between 14 and 15, and 8667 above 15. These figures include 22,405 scholars in 182 Intermediate Schools or Departments, of whom 15,234 were under 15 and 6223 between 15 and 17, while 946 were over 17. The average attendance for the whole number was 88 02 per cent., and for the Intermediate Schools taken separately, 92'5. The Intermediate Schools provide a regularly organised course of instruction extending over at least three years, and possess a correspondingly more numerous staff and special equipment. The average attendance at first year's course was 10,243, at second year's course 6948, and at courses beyond second year 4927. For 8786 scholars higher grants were paid on account of exceptional efficiency. Supplementary Courses having practical bearing on the probable future occupation of the scholars were given to 39,097 pupils in 1899 schools. Savings banks exist in 320 schools, and school libraries in 2757. There were 19,061 teachers of all grades, excluding 807 pupil teachers employed in schools under inspection in 1909. This gives an average of one teacher to 38 children. 16,897 were certificated, but only 11,037 were trained certificated teachers. The others had qualified by passing the certificate examination, which is now continued only as a temporary expedient. During the year 1488 were recognised as certificated on passing out of training and 358 as the result of passing the examination. There fell out of the ranks 789 certificated teachers, but 975 entered employment. Uncertificated assistants decreased by 83 and pupil-teachers by 1089. Formerly the Training Colleges constituted the chief source of teaching supply. Changes in the Code of 1895 have made it possible for the universities to share more fully in the training. A body of King's students receive their instruction chiefly at the universities, but are otherwise under the supervision of Provincial Committees, to whom has also been transferred the control of training colleges, formerly under the management of the Church There are now 4 training centres, at Aberdeen, of Scotland and of the United Free Church. Dundee). In the session of 1909-10 there were Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St. Andrews (with besides 72 at the Episcopal College at Edin 2747 students in training at these centres, burgh, and 172 at the Roman Catholic College junior students, of whom 918 were in their 3rd at Glasgow. There were also in training 3915 or 4th year. Secondary and Technical Education. By the Education (Scotland) Act, 1908, which came into force on Jan. 1st, 1909, a Central Fund, from which support will be given to Secondary Education, was established. Up to the end of the school year 1908-9, the total grant thus given amounted to £35,899, exclusive of £6540 contributed towards the reconstruction of two schools. Hitherto secondary schools in Scotland had not been eligible to share in the general Parliamentary grant, but some had received considerable sums from the Science and Art vote, and there had also been available annually 60,000 raised under the Education |