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ARMY: ORGANISATION.

Welsh Border Mounted Brigade, South Wales Mounted Brigade, Welsh Division.

Command and Control.-Each Division of the Territorial Force is under command of an officer of the Regular Army, assisted by an officer of the General Staff and various other officers, including an officer to command the Divisional Artillery from the retired or halfpay list of the Regulars, and a principal medical officer from the Territorial Force. The Special Troops for defended ports are under the Coast Defence Command. The chain of command is as follows: The General Officer commanding-in-chief in each command has under his orders the Coast Defence Commander, the General Officer commanding the Territorial Division, and the Mounted Brigade Commander. Under the first of these are the Special Troops (R.G A. and R.E.) for defended ports. The Territorial Divisional Commander has under him his three Infantry Brigades, and attached Cyclist and other units, as well as Divisional Troops (less Divisional Cavalry), Army Troops, and the General Hospitals. Under the Mounted Brigade Commander are the Mounted Brigade, the Yeomanry Regiment allotted as Divisional Cavalry to the division in the District, and any Yeomanry Regiment located in the district but allotted to a division in another district.

Training. In the Territorial Yeomanry, officers attend 40 drills, of which 20 before the annual training, as recruit training, or 14 days with a regular unit, and subsequently as annual training to drills, a period in camp, and annual courses of musketry. The rules for the men are similar, but the drills before camp are 20. Similar arrangements are made for the Territorial Artillery, but the recruits' training includes 45 drills, and there are 20 drills annually with an annual training in camp, which includes gun practice. In the Engineers, officers and men have 45 drills as recruit training, with 15 annual drills and a training in camp. The Infantry have 40 drills as recruit training, 10 drills annually, and the camp training. Courses of musketry are also provided for, and arrangements are made for the training of transport and supply columns, and the Territorial Medical Corps. Winter work is arranged for in all the brigades. For Establishment and Strength and special matters, see page 255.)

Officers Training Corps.-This organisation has been formed with the object of providing students at Universities and Public Schools with such knowledge of military duties as will enable them eventually to become Special Reserve or Territorial officers. Young men who have certificates of proficiency in the Officers' Training Corps are exempted from part of the probationary training, and from certain examinations. The Training Corps is outside the Territorial organisation and the County Associations, and is brought directly under the War Office and the Chief of the General Staff. The Senior Division consists of University units and the Junior Division of Public School units. The University Volunteer Corps not transferred to the Territorial Army and University Companies have been transferred to the Senior Division, and in the same way the Volunteer Corps and Companies and the Cadet Companies of Public Schools to the Junior Division. In his Memorandum on the Army Estimates, 1910-11, Mr. Haldane said the Senior Division numbered 3,500 (16 contingents), and the Junior Division

nearly 16,000 (139 contingents). During the year the total was expected to increase to 21,000.

Territorial Reserve-A Reserve for the Territorial Force is to be formed, and regulations were approved March 1910. The function of this Reserve is to fill vacancies in the establishment of Territorial Force units on mobilisation, and to replace casualties among officers, N.C.O.'s, and men subsequent to mobilisation. Appointments to the new Reserve may be granted to individual officers, N.C.O.'s, and men by County Associations acting on the recommendation of the Commander of the unit to which it is proposed to attach the reservists.

The Indian Army.

The system of administration in the Indian Army underwent fundamental changes during the period of Lord Kitchener's command. Formerly the Army was represented on the Viceroy's Council by the Commander-in-Chief and by the Military Member, the latter having an equal position with the former, and, as many thought, a greater influence. With the object of doing away with dual control, the Military Member was abolished at the instance of Lord Kitchener, and on the recommendation of a committee, which included amongst its members Lord Roberts, Sir George White, and Sir Edward Law. A considerable controversy took place at the time (1905), resulting in the retirement of Lord Curzon from the position of Viceroy. In place of the Military Member a Member of Council in charge of a Military Supply Department was created. This officer had limited responsibilities rather of a civil than of a military nature, concerned with the control of Army contracts, the purchase of stores, ordnance, and remounts, and other matters. He was specially directed to assist the Commander-in-Chief to render the Army fit for war" within the limits of financial considerations." The appointment of the Supply Member was considered to be a compromise; and early in 1909 a further step was taken by Lord Morley, who, against the advice, but with the acquiescence, of the Government of India, suppressed the Supply Member, thus concentrating everything in the hands of the Commander-in-Chief.

Under this revised system the Commanderin-Chief (General Sir O'Moore Creagh, V.C., G.C.B.) is Member of the Viceroy's Council in charge of the Army Department. The Division of the Chief of the Staff includes the Military Operations Section (Intelligence, Mobilisation, and Strategical Branches) and the Staff Duties Section (Training and Staff Duties Branches). In the Division of the Adjutant-General (MajorGen. Sir A. A. Barrett, K.C.B.) are the General Section (with Recruiting, Judge-AdvocateGeneral's, and Army Clothing Branches) and the Inspection Section. The Division of the Quartermaster-General (Major-Gen. G. C. Kitson, C.V.O.) includes the Movements, Quarterings, and Cantonments, the Supply and Transport, the Army Remount, and the Veterinary Sections. The other Divisions at Headquarters are those of the Director-General of Ordnance (Brig.-Gen. R. H. Mahon, C.B.), the Director-General of Military Works (Brig.Gen. F. G. Bond, C.B.), and the Principal Medical Officer (Surg.-Gen. F. W. Trevor, C.B.).

With regard to the reorganisation of the Army itself (mainly intended to decentralise work and devolve responsibility), Lord Kitchener introduced the Divisional system, since adopted in the British Army, replacing the old system of commands and subordinate districts. This change entailed the addition of 9 brigadiergenerals and 44 staff officers to the Indian Army, and a certain number of units were redistributed, in order that each Divisional General could mobilise and train a complete Division from his own command without drawing upon others. The object was to be able to mobilise and place in the field 9 Infantry Divisions and 8 Cavalry Brigades (180,000 men), each complete, with its General and Staff and adequate supply and transport organisation. This has been brought about, and, in order that trained staff officers should be available in adequate numbers, the Staff College at Quetta was instituted, on the lines of the Camberley College, and is now in full work. Lord Morley has sanctioned the application of the Imperial General Staff scheme to the Indian Army, and regulations were framed in April 1910.

The Army in India consists of British Regular Forces, Indian Regular Forces, the various local corps, British volunteers, Indian Army Reserves, Imperial Service Troops, and Military Police. The establishment of the British regiments serving in India in 1910-11 is 75,884, including the following units and branches: 9 regiments of cavalry, 11 horse artillery batteries, 42 field batteries, 3 howitzer batteries, 8 mountain batteries, 21 garrison artillery companies, 6 heavy batteries, 52 battalions of infantry, details of Royal Engineers, R.A. Medical Corps, etc.

The Indian Army reorganisation has included the grouping of forces in larger cantonments upon lines of railway communication, and the artillery have been re-armed with quick-firing guns and reorganised, and ammunition columns supplied. Factories are being developed, transport has been reorganised, reserve equipments are being formed, and hospitals have been equipped. During recent years Indian military expenditure has averaged about £19,500,000 annually.

The two great commands are

Northern Army (Lieut.-Gen. Sir James Willcocks), with divisions at Peshawur, Rawal Pindi, Lahore, Meerut and Lucknow, and brigades at Kohat, Derajat, and Bannu.

have been alluded to, consist of 66 Volunteer corps, 33 Imperial Service corps, 6 Militia corps, and 21 Militia Police corps.

The Imperial Service Troops, under the superintendence of British officers, are trained for service by certain feudatory princes. The plan of embodying "Imperial Service troops," under agreement with the feudatory states, was adopted during Lord Dufferin's viceroyalty. The result has been admirable, and the native Princes have been enthusiastic in their prosecution of the plan. A splendid reserve has been created, numbering about 21,000 men. Thirteen states keep up forces of cavalry, eight infantry, three sappers, two camel corps, and six transport corps. Some of these troops have displayed the utmost hardihood and courage in the Frontier operations. Outside these are the large armies of the Native States, which may be described as irregulars, and are of uncertain value. The local corps of Central India and Rajputana are really police under military supervision, while the Military Police are under civil control. The Inspector-General of the Imperial Service troops is Major-Gen, F. R. H. Drummond, C.B.

In the following table of the aggregate strength of military forces available in India, the figures must be considered as approximate to some extent, because there may have been some alteration in authorised establishments since the figures were made up :British Regular Forces Indian Regular Forces British Volunteers Indian Army Reserves Imperial Service Troops Local Corps. Military Police

Total

75,884

154,500

35,400

22,000

21,000

5,250

28,500

342,534

The Staff College at Quetta is under command of Brigadier-General W. P. Braithwaite.

Special Army Matters.

The General Situation.-When the House of Commons went into Committee on the Army Estimates, Mr. Haldane explained his policy and the situation. He said there were no great schemes of reorganisation awaiting discussion, and that the purpose was to perfect the organisation in existence, to make imSouthern Army (Lieut.-Gen. Sir Edmund Bar-provements in the Territorial Force, and to row, G.C.B.), with divisions at Quetta, Mhow, Poona, Secunderabad, and Burma, and a brigade

at Aden.

Recruiting is for both long and short service, and the whole country is divided into recruiting districts.

India has also as a second line the Volunteers, about 35,400 strong; the Imperial Service Troops, maintained by the Native States; the Frontier Militia on the north-west frontier; and the Military Police on that frontier and in Assam and Burma. The Militia and Police are under the civil power.

bring the arrangements for mobilising the Regular Expeditionary Force up to the requisite standard. The Estimates involved an increase due to a rise in the size of the Territorial Force, the recruiting for which had been more rapid than he thought likely a year ago. He spoke very gratefully of the splendid help which he had received from the County Associations. In February the numbers had risen to more than 276,000, and the Force stood within 10 per cent. of the strength it was likely ever to attain. There has since been a decline. The recruiting for the Regular Army The units of the Native Army are as follows: was very satisfactory, and in every branch 3 regiments of Body-guards, 39 regiments of they obtained as many recruits as they could Cavalry and the Aden troop, the Corps of take. Dealing with the Regular Expeditionary Guides, 12 Mountain Batteries, 1 Frontier Gar- Force, he affirmed that the equipment was rison company, 26 companies of Sappers and perfect, nothing being wanting for the mobiMiners, 117 Infantry battalions, and 20 batta-lisation of the six divisions; and though there ljons of Gurkhas. The Auxiliary Forces, which was some difficulty in regard to officers and

ARMY: TERRITORIAL FORCE.

horses, we could certainly mobilise five divisions and a cavalry division.

The deficiency of horses in the cavalry was being made good, and six new depôts were proposed. The establishment of a cavalry regiment was to be brought up to 696 men and 523 horses. Six new signal companies were to be created, one for each division. A strong committee had been appointed to ascertain what improvements could be made in the The organisation of the Special Reserve. quality of the Reservists was satisfactory, and the training was far more thorough than in the Militia days. For mobilisation the deficiency of horses now approached 120,000. The police census showed that there were probably some 2,000,000 horses over four years old in the country, excluding brood mares and other classes. He proposed to ask the County Associations to co-operate in the preparation of lists showing where suitable horses could be procured. Passing to the subject of the supply of officers, he admitted that there was not the same tendency as there used to be to flock to the Army, but he was of opinion that there ought to be no lack of aspirants. The General Staff was of opinion that there was no cause for apprehension.

The Mediterranean Command.

Lord Kitchener having declined his appointment to succeed the Duke of Connaught, General Sir Ian Hamilton was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief in the Mediterranean, with the added office of Inspector-General of the Oversea Forces. The following are the principal features of the arrangements for the command, Colonial administration of Gibraltar and Malta: the Governors will be solely responsible, and will communicate direct with the Colonial Office. Egypt and the Sudan: all civil and political matters will be dealt with by the Agent and Consul-General in direct communication with the Foreign Office.

Administration of the Sudan and the Egyptian and Sudanese Forces: the Governor-General and Sirdar will be directly responsible to his Majesty's Agent and Consul-General. British troops in Gibral: tar, Malta, Egypt, the Sudan, Cyprus and Crete: all matters of local military administration will be dealt with by the Governors of Gibraltar and Malta, and the G.O.C. in Egypt, in direct communication with the War Office, except that such questions of discipline as the GO C.-in-C. may determine will be submitted to him for consideration and orders, or, if necessary, for reference to the War Office. Questions connected with strategy, defence, training, and tactics will be dealt with by the G.O.C.-in-C., in communication on the one hand with subordinate military authority and on the other with the War Office.

Manoeuvres and Training.

The manœuvres were upon a large scale, and a certain number of Territorial Corps served with the Regulars. In the September manœuvres the umpires were Generals Sir H. Smith-Dorrien and Sir Arthur Paget, and the Blue and Red forces were commanded respectively by Generals Sir Charles Douglas and Sir Herbert Plumer. Prominence was given to administrative questions, and to the handling of troops and trains of a division on a war establishment; and another special feature was

the addition of a Territorial mounted brigade, infantry brigade, and field artillery brigade to the Red Army. They did exceedingly well, and the same was the case with the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, who were brought over at his own charge by their chief, Colonel Sir Henry Pellatt, and took part in the operations. There were also manoeuvres in Ireland and South Africa.

The Territorial Force.

Major-Gen. J. S. Cowans, M.V.O., has succeeded Lieut.-Gen. Sir W. H. Mackinnon, K.C.B., as Director-General of the Territorial Force, and, in order that he may have time to authorities, Brig. Gen. W. Fry, C.B., has temporarily been attached to the War Office, and will represent the Director during the latter's absence.

learn the conditions and confer with local

A very remarkable article in the National Review, September 1910, attracted great attention. It was by Lord Esher, who has taken a large part in organising the Territorial Force. His lordship had already, in the House of Lords, thrown much doubt on the sufficiency of the Territorial Force, and in the article, speaking of it as the final test of the voluntary system, he said there was no sign that the "All the signs and portents are 60,000 men required annually would be forthcoming. adverse; there is no steady increase; no advance, however slight; there is latterly in many cases retrogression." Virtually the plea was for compulsory service, as made necessary by the assured failure of the voluntary principle. This statement caused profound sensation, and was a good deal criticised. In the matter of training the Territorial Force has made very great advances, as was seen both in the August camps and in the manœuvres. The great difficulty is with the Artillery. Many soldiers contend that real efficiency is incompatible with the restrictions imposed by voluntary service. The whole of the Artillery have received the converted 15-pr. gun, except that the Howitzer batteries are to receive the Erhardt 15-pr. Q.F. Progress is being made with the technical equipment of the R.E. Generally, however, it is felt that the financial provision is insufficient.

The Territorial Force-Establishment and

Strength.

The following table shows the establishment and strength of the Territorial Force, all ranks, the former as given in the Estimates 1910-11, and the latter the strength on Jan. 1st, 1910:

Cavalry
Artillery
Engineers
Infantry

Army Service Corps
Medical Corps.
Veterinary Service.

Total.

Establish-
ment.

Strength.

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These figures are exclusive of the Officers Training Corps (776 establishment, 481 strength) and of 20,000 Territorial Force Reserve and of 7552 Special Reservists (b category) borne

supernumerary to Territorial units. A return of Feb. 25th, 1910, showed the establishment as 312,490 and the strength as 276,618. A later return (April 1st) gave the figures as 312,577 and 278,951 respectively. On June 30th, 1910, there was a decline (in 67 counties) of 7313

THE DEFENCE FORCES Colonial Military Systems are all framed primarily for home defence, no man being liable for service outside his country. Under the scheme outlined above (Dominions and Imperial Defence-Military) the organisation and training of the forces is to be assimilated to the system at Home, under the direction of the Imperial General Staff.

Canada.

The Officer Commanding the Marine Service of Canada is Rear-Admiral C. E. Kingsmill, who retired from the British Navy on Sept. 12th, 1908. He accepted the appointment on his promotion to Rear-Admiral in May of that year. He is assisted by Commander H. Thompson, R.N. (retired), who was appointed in Sept. 1909, while Commander E. H. Martin, R.N. (retired), took up the post of Captain of Halifax Dock yard and in command of the Naval Cadets' College in Oct. 1910. To assist in the founding of the new Canadian Naval Service, a number of British officers were lent by the Admiralty for a period of two years. In addition to those appointed to the Niobe and Rainbow, which are commanded respectively by Commanders W. B. Macdonald and J. D. D. Stewart, five others, including a commander, two lieutenants, one engineer officer, and a fleet paymaster, were appointed for duty on the headquarters staff at Ottawa.

The cruisers Niobe and Rainbow, purchased from the British Government to act as training ships, arrived at Halifax and Esquimalt respectively on Oct. 21st, 1910, manned by crews composed of naval pensioners and reservists who volunteered for a term of service in Canada, with about go active service ratings as instructors. A company was formed on the initiative of Sir Robert Perks in Sept. 1910, for the construction of dry docks at Levis, opposite Quebec, and St. John, N.B., which will be subsidised by the Canadian Government. The cruisers and destroyers of the new Canadian naval unit will be constructed in Dominion shipyards as soon as these are sufficiently developed, with the assistance and co-operation of British firms engaged in the provision of naval war material, to undertake the work. There are 24 small vessels, eight of which fulfil fishery protection duties, three are used on the Great Lakes, two are icebreakers, four are detailed for lighthouse duty, and the remainder are used in the revenue and surveying services. The changes which are being made in the Canadian military forces are not so marked as those in the Navy. The system of the Kingston Military College is excellent, and it is likely to be developed into a staff college, associated with colleges in other parts of the Dominion. The Dominion Government invited Sir John French to report on the situation of the forces and the changes that are desirable. His report, based on his visits to Kingston, Ottawa, St. John, Niagara camp, Petawawa, Quebec, and other places, points to a state of great military unreadiness, due to the want of a und peace organisation and of a well-trained

on the total strength; due possibly to timeexpired discharges taking place between April 1st and June 30th. It is known, however, that in many districts there has since been a further decline, but full particulars are not available.

OF THE DOMINIONS.

staff. The General was impressed with the intelligence and robustness of the forces, but, taking the standard of 100,000 men considered necessary for defence, the military establishments fall short of the requirements, while the organisation is entirely faulty, and cannot conduce to rapid mobilisation or co-operation. The administrative services are rudimentary.

Under the provisions of the Canadian Militia Act 1904 every Canadian between the ages of 18 and 60 is liable to military service. The existing forces are the Permanent Force (approximating to Regulars) and the Active Militia. General object of the organisation: to ensure a strength of 100,000 men being available as a "first line of defence." The desired peace and war establishment to be such that the addition of one-third to the former will complete the latter. Present proportion, 60,000 to 100,000. The Permanent Force to be the means of instruction. Establishment: permanent force, 5000 men. Active militia: mounted troops-peace, 3100 all ranks; war, 8000 all ranks. Artillery (field): peace, 2000 all ranks; war, 3470 all ranks. Infantry: peace, 35,000; war, 95,000. Total strength of active militia: officers, 3000; rank and file, 41,000; horses, 7600, when at peace. War: officers, 5000; rank and file, 100,000; horses, 17,500. Rifle clubs: active members, 14,000. These figures are sub. ject to qualification. Towards the end of 1909, great military enthusiasm was manifested throughout Canada, and many new corps were formed in the Western provinces. The cadet organisation is very comprehensive.

Australian Commonwealth.

There is a Board of Administration, of which the regular members are the Minister of State for Defence, the Director of Naval Forces, the Finance member, and a Secretary. The Director of the Naval Forces is Captain W. R Creswell, C.M.G., and the Contribution to the Imperial Navy, 200,000 annually. Each State has also a Naval Commandant-New South Wales, Commander F. H. C. Brownlow; South Australia, Captain C. J. Clare, C.M.G.; Queensland, Commander J. T. Richardson; Victoria, Captain F. Tickell, C.M.G. The vessels of the Commonwealth Navy are eleven in number, and are distributed as follows: QueenslandGayundah and Paluma, harbour defence vessels of 360 tons, one second-class torpedo boat, and one picket boat. South AustraliaProtector, small cruiser of 920 tons displacement, and one second-class torpedo boat. Victoria-Cerberus, armour clad ship of 3,40 tons, two first and two second-class torpedo boats.

The officers of the Navy and the Naval Militia number 100, the present number of men being just over 1000, In April 1909 contracts were placed with two British firms for the building of three torpedo-boat destroyers, of 700 tons displacement, 26 knots speed, and a range of action of 2500 nautical miles at 14 knots. Professor J. H. Biles, who had previously visited Australia to confer with the Common

DEFENCE FORCES OF THE DOMINIONS.

wealth authorities, was commissioned by them to supervise the construction of the new boats, two of which were to be launched and go out under steam, and the third to be packed and shipped for reconstruction in Australia. The contract price of each destroyer was stated to be £81,500. A number of Commonwealth officials and workmen, under Commander Clarkson, were selected by the former to study the methods of inspection, and the latter to be employed in the several departments of the shipbuilding yards at which the boats were in hand. The first of these boats was launched at Govan, on the Clyde, on Feb. 9th, 1910, Mrs. Asquith performing the naming ceremony; and the second took the water on April 9th, at Dumbarton. The names of Parramatta and Yarra were given to them, and the third vessel, to be rebuilt in Australia, was called the Warrego. The two first-named left Portsmouth for Australia on Sept. 19th, under the command of Capt. F. Tickell. The large armoured cruiser of the improved Indomitable type which the Commonwealth Government offered to the Imperial Navy in the spring of 1909 was begun on June 23rd, 1910, the first rivets being driven into position by Sir George and Lady Reid. The vessel will be known as the Australia. In October tenders were accepted for two second-class protected cruisers for the Australian naval unit. Acting on the invitation of the Commonwealth Government, Admiral Sir Reginald Henderson visited Australia in 1910, leaving England on Aug. 4th, to advise upon matters in regard to naval defence.

The Commonwealth Military System is at present based on two principles: (a) The defence of Australian soil; (b) The defence of Australian interests wherever threatened. The system consists of an elastic framework capable of expansion to receive additional fighting material. Administration-Force provided: (a) Permanent cadre force; (b) Field force, 6 battalions light horse, 3 battalions infantry; (c) Garrison force for local defence. Percentage of non-efficients, 20 per cent.; rifle clubs as a reserve to militia. Establishment: Garrison force, 12,000 for peace and war. Field force: peace strength, half war strength. Peace establishment: light horse, 6500, with 24 guns; infantry, 7500, with 36 guns. War establishment: light horse. 13,000, with 36 guns; infantry, 15,000, with 40 guns. Total: war, 28,000 all ranks, with 84 guns; peace, 14,000, with 60 guns. Including garrison troops, gross strength: peace, 26,000; war, 40,000. Partially trained: light horse (approximately), 7000; cadets, 9103. Rifle club members, 28,721. Grand total of all forces: officers, 2400; other ranks, 60,000.

to 25 years of age who have passed through the previous cadet training. Trained men of 18 and 19 years old and of 25 and 26 years old are to be called up in war time and to raise the strength of the force to a total of 107,000. In addition to the training provided for by the Act, there will be six clear days' training, not including Sundays, every year for the men between 20 and 25 years of age. For the pur. poses of organisation and training the country must be divided into areas, each providing a definite proportion of the fighting unit, in charge of a permanent instruction officer. Ten areas will make a group under a superior officer, who will be a brigade-major in war time. The whole of Australia is to be divided into 215 areas, giving two town or three country areas for each infantry battalion. The officer in command of the area will be the keystone of the citizen force.

Further recommendations advocate the establishment of a military college for 100 cadets. The total cost of the scheme in the seventh year after its inauguration will be 1,884,000. During the transition period the working out of the scheme should be placed in the charge of officers who thoroughly understand the scope and spirit of the proposed system. The report carries with it the eventual abolition of the voluntary Militia,

New Zealand.

The armoured vessel offered to the Imperial Navy by the Dominion of New Zealand, which is to serve as flagship of the China Squadron when the British forces in the Pacific are remodelled, was laid down on June 20th at the yard of the Fairfield Shipbuilding Co., and it was announced that the ship would be named New Zealand. Tenders for three torpedo-boat destroyers were called for in Oct. 1910.

The only ships at present belonging to New Zealand are the Amokura, gunboat, used as a training ship for boys, four torpedo boats built in England in 1884, one small yacht, two mining vessels, and a cable and special service ship Tasmania also has a torpedo boat similar to those of New Zealand. The naval subsidy to the Imperial Navy was increased in Oct. 1958 from £40,000 to £100,000.

The Military Establishments of New Zealand are the same for peace and war. Strength: officers, 750; other ranks, 15,200. Proportion of trained men to total capable of bearing arins, 10'2 per cent., being the largest in the empire. The rifle club movement is very progressive, and the cadet movement very extensive. Total cadets, 14,000.

Lord Kitchener's visit to New Zealand and The Australian Defence Act, 1909, amended the report he presented on the defence of the the Acts of 1903 and 1904 and was a measure Dominion have exercised a great effect upon having for its object to enforce compulsory the organisation of the forces. The leading service on all able-bodied males-cadet train-idea is to bring about better training and the ing from 12 to 14 (junior) and 14 to 18 (senior), and thence onward to 26 service in the National Guard. A difficulty occurs in forecasting the future effect of this Act, because it became law before Lord Kitchener's arrival in Australia on his visit of inspection. His report recommends the establishment of an army of a peace strength of 80,000, divided into a garrison force of 40,000 and a mobile force of 40,000, the army to consist of 84 infantry battalions, 28 light horse regiments, 224 guns, 14 engineer companies, and departmental troops. This force will be provided from trained men of from 19

adoption of a system homogeneous with that of Australia, and possibly New Zealand cadets may be sent to the Australian "West Point." There is to be a staff corps of 100 officers, and the total cost of the whole scheme after it has been in operation seven years will be £470.coo per annum. The junior cadets (12 to 14) and senior cadets (15 to 18) are expected to number 38,521, and to be trained for the equivalent of 16 days. The Territorial recruits will have a strength of 10,006, with 16 days' training, of which 8 is camp. Trained soldiers (19 to 25) will have a total strength of 65,000, training as

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