revenues of the Corporation or City cash, pays all salaries, charges, and outgoings, and has the custody of accounts, admits all duly qualified persons to the freedom, and is custodian of the records relating to freemen. He has also jurisdiction to punish refractory City apprentices, whom he sometimes commits to Bridewell.

The Common Serjeant (Sir F. A. Bosanquet, K.C., salary £3000) is now appointed by the Crown; he attends the Lord Mayor on all state occasions, and is present at meetings of the Courts of Aldermen and Common Council; he is a legal adviser of the Corporation, one of the commissioners at the Central Criminal Court, a judge of the Mayor's Court, and acts on certain occasions as Deputy Recorder.

The Town Clerk or Common Clerk (Mr. James Bell, salary £2500) keeps the charters and records of the City, and attends all courts held before the Lord Mayor and Aldermen. He has the special privilege of signing documents with his surname only.

The Remembrancer (Mr. Adrian Pollock, salary £2000) is the Ceremonial Officer of the Corporation, attends the Parliament House during session, and watches the interests of the Corporation in all legislative matters.

The Sword Bearer (Col. Ker-Fox) carries the sword, being the emblem of justice, before the Lord Mayor. The last three are appointed by the Common Council. There are a number of other officers-legal, ceremonial, and official. The rateable value of the City is £5,672,277.

London Livery Companies.

There have been 109 companies founded, but the latest return of the liverymen entitled to vote in elections in Common-hall only gives a total of 77. The liverymen of the Guilds who reside within twenty-five miles of the City borders have a vote in the parliamentary elections for the City. In '80 it was estimated that the trust and corporate income of the companies was between £750,000 and £800,000, and the capital value of their property £15,000,000. The value of their plate and furniture was returned at about £300,000. The total rent of the real property is about £600,000, and there is a further source of income exceeding 100,000 a year from investments.

City of London Police.

This force is under the control of a Commissioner, who is appointed by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and Common Council, subject to the approval of His Majesty the King. The total strength of the force is 1180, consisting of 1 Assistant-Commissioner, I chief clerk and superintendent, I superinten. dent Executive Department, superintendent Detective Department, 3 chief inspectors of districts, 1 chief detective inspector, 5 chief inspectors, 23 inspectors, 23 sub-inspectors, 96 sergeants, and 1029 constables.

In addition to the above, 47 constables and I sergeant are employed on private service duty at the expense of persons engaging their services, the charge being at the rate of 170 per annum for the sergeant and £135 per annum for each constable.

The Detective Department consists of 1 superintendent, chief inspector, 6 inspectors, 3 sub inspectors, and 60 constables.

There is a private hospital for members, under the care of the surgeon of the force.

The Police area is divided into three districts, each containing two divisions (exclusive of the chief and detective offices) and under the immediate charge of a chief inspector, assisted by 5 inspectors and 6 sub-inspectors.

The total cost of the force is about £148,000 per annum, one-fourth of which is paid from the City's cash, the remainder by a rate of 6d. on the assessable rental of the City. The City Police, unlike the Metropolitan Police Force, is supported entirely by the citizens, without Imperial aid. The pay of the force is considerably in advance of any other similar body in the United Kingdom.

Commissioner, Captain J. W. Nott Bower. Assistant Commissioner, Captain Donald Bremner.

Chief Clerk and Superintendent, Mr John Stark.

Superintendent, Executive Department, Mr. A. J. Nicholls.

Superintendent, Detective Department, Mr. J. Ottaway.

Headquarters, Old Jewry, Cheapside.

The London Government Act, '99, divided the administrative county of London (with the exception of the City), which had formerly been under the rule of over 120 local authorities, including Vestries, District Boards, Burial Boards, etc., into 28 Municipal Boroughs, each under a Municipal Council.

All persons qualified to vote at a Parliamentary and County Council election in London can vote at an election of borough councillors, with certain" separate list" voters in addition. Women, if otherwise qualified, may vote. This franchise is the same as that in the case of the elections of guardians and vestries since '94. A woman is not eligible for the office of councillor. The Mayor of a London Borough is by virtue of his office a justice of the peace for the County of London; he is not disqualified by reason of being a solicitor practising or

The strength of the force for the year ending Dec. 31st, 1909 (latest returns), was 18,657, consisting of 32 superintendents, 598 inspectors, 2457 sergeants, and 15,570 constables.

The supreme government of the Metropolitan police is vested in the Commissioner appointed by and acting under the control of the Home Secretary.

Commissioner, Sir E. R. Henry, K.C.V.O., C.S.I. Assistant Commissioners, Sir A. C. Bruce, Major E. F. Wodehouse, C.B., Sir M. L. Macnaghten, and Mr. F. S. Bullock, C.I.E.; and five Chief Constables.

A Bill introduced by the Home Secretary in Sept. 1909 provided for the appointment of a fourth Assistant Commissioner. This is in accordance with the recommendation of the Royal Commission on the Metropolitan Police, who reported that there should be an officer specially charged with the duty of dealing with complaints made against the police by members of the public.

The rateable value of the Metropolitan Police area for 1909-10 was £55,217,933. The police rate is now fixed at 9d. in the £, of which 4d. in the £ is payable out of the Local Taxation Account under the Local Government Act of '88. The pay of the Metropolitan Police force for 1909-10 was £1,599,843.

London Burglaries.

The number of burglaries in London is declining, the figures being 547 in 1907, 507 in 1928, and 469 in 1909, with an increase of 37 apprehensions and 36 convictions as compared with 1908, and of 16 apprehensions and 10

convictions as compared with 1907. Housebreakings have also decreased, the numbers being 1962 in 1907, 1762 in 1908, and 1673 in the year under review. The apprehensions were 225, 252 and 256, and the convictions 189, 197 and 201 respectively. Violence to the person was used in 7 cases of burglary and 3 cases of committed in houses left with no person in charge. In 257 cases of burglary and 695 cases of housebreaking the value of the property stolen was less than £5; 12 burglaries and 10 house. breakings occurred in which the loss amounted to 100 and upwards. In 185 cases of burglary and 142 cases of housebreaking no loss was ultimately sustained. Shopbreakings decreased by 31, but the apprehensions decreased by 48 and the convictions by 53.

As in 1908, 19 cases of murder of persons above one year of age were reported, and are accounted for as follows: In in cases arrests were made, and in 6 the murderers committed suicide.

London's Lost Property.

The property found in public carriages and deposited with police by drivers and conductors during 1909 is classified as under :Bags Clothing (men's (women's)

Jewellery

Miscellaneous articles
Opera glasses
Purses
Rugs
Sticks
Umbrellas
Watches

Total.

6,499

4,620

4,315

Articles 28,052 in number and of the value of £28,147 were restored to their owners, the unClaimed residue (with a few exceptions) being, after three months, returned to the drivers and conductors who deposited them with police. The awards paid to drivers and conductors numbered 28,347, and amounted to £4023:18, 2d. Sixteen drivers or conductors received more than £10 apiece; one of them received £93 and another £56.

The Metropolis Water Act, 1902, constituted a Water Board, called the "Metropolitan Water Board," for the purpose of purchasing and carrying on the undertakings of the eight Metropolitan water companies.

The Water Board consists of 66 members appointed, for 3 years ending June 1st, 1913, by the county councils and other authorities within the water area.

Chairman, E. B. Barnard, M.P.
Vice-Chairman, G. S. Elliott, J.P.
Clerk, A. B. Pilling, F.C.I.S.

Accountant and Registrar, Arthur Newton. Chief Engineer, W. B. Bryan, M. Inst.C.E. Director of Water Examinations, A. C. Houston, M.D., D.Sc.

Central Office, Savoy Court, Strand, W.C. The Metropolitan Water Board (Charges) Act, 1907, provided for uniform scales of charges

for water applicable throughout the limits of supply.

The statutory area of supply covers over 537 miles, and comprises the whole of the administrative County of London, and parts of Essex, Hertford, Kent, Middlesex, and Surrey.

The population supplied by the Board in 1909Io was estimated at 7,108,504, representing one-seventh of the population of Great Britain and Ireland. This population is nearly equal to that of the two kingdoms of Norway and Sweden, about the same as the Dominion of Canada, two millions more than Australia and New Zealand combined, and larger than the whole population of Scotland and Wales by about one million. In an address delivered in 1910, Mr. Barnard, the chairman of the Water Board, stated that "if they could build a tank the size of Trafalgar Square (2 acres) and the

height of Nelson's Column, London would empty such a tank twice in every twentyfour hours. The water-mains alone would reach from Liverpool to New York and back again.

The total quantity of water supplied in 1909-10 was 82,365,800,000 gallons. The average daily supply was 225,700,000 gallons. The average supply per head per day was 31.87 gallons.

The Board's works include 62 subsiding and storage reservoirs for unfiltered water, area 1497 acres, capacity 8,913,600,000 gallons, equal to

the supply required for 40 days; 168 filters, area 166 acres, giving a capacity of 86 acre per 1,000,000 gallons daily supply of filtered water; 83 service reservoirs, area 68:44 acres, capacity 311,100,000 gallons, or 138 day's supply; 54 wells and springs; 37 pumping stations other than wells; 265 engines, with 38,361 h. p.; 6258 miles of water-pipes, and 64,587 public fire hydrants and fire plugs.

The coal consumed by the Board in 1909-10 amounted to 164,831 tons, being about 1 ton for every 500,000 gallons supplied.

The Port of London Authority. Under the provisions of the Port of London Act, 1908, the Port of London Authority was constituted by the Board of Trade, and came into being on March 31st, 1909. The Authority consists of a chairman, a vice-chairman, and 33 members, of whom the London County Council appoints 4; the Corporation of the City of London, 2; the Board of Trade, 2; the Admiralty, 1; and the Trinity House, 1. Other 25 members are to be elected in future by persons and bodies representative of the trading interests of the port; but owing to the impossibility of preparing the electoral registers in time, it was provided in the Act that the first 25 "elected" members should be nominated by the Board of Trade, after consultation with the persons and bodies who will be entitled to elect. The Board of Trade also appointed the first chairman, Sir Hudson Kearley (now Lord Devonport). It is provided that one of the two members appointed by the Board of Trade and one of the four members appointed by the London County Council shall be appointed after consultation with organisations representative of the labour interests of the Port. The Authority is empowered to improve the accommodation of the Port, and, if necessary, to construct new docks, quays, and wharves, and to establish, or assist in the establishment of, offices and registers with a view to the more convenient and regular engagement of dock labour.

The Authority took over the London and India, Surrey Commercial, and Milwall docks, the net available income of which was estimated at £809,000 a year. The purchase money was provided by the issue of Port of London A and B stocks, bearing interest at the rate of 4 per cent. respectively, to the total value of £22,363,000.

3

and

The Authority is self-supporting, its funds being provided by the tonnage dues on ship ping and by dues on goods. The charging of goods dues for the upkeep and development of the Port is, indeed, one of the main features of the scheme under which the Authority has been constituted. The Authority has drawn up a schedule of maximum rates on goods, which is to be embodied by the Board of Trade in a Provisional Order for submission to Parliament. The work of the Authority is divided among six committees, as follows: Dock and Ware house Committee, River Committee, Finance Committee, Staff Committee, Stores Committee, General Purposes Committee, and Parliamentary Committee. Chairman, The Rt. Hon. Lord Devonport; Vice-Chairman, Sir Owen C. Philipps, K.C.M.G., M.P.; General Manager and

The Port of London Authority handled 2,050,795 tons of import goods on its dock premises during the 12 months ended March 31st, 1910, as compared with 1,867,660 tons handled by the dock companies during the previous 12 months, an increase of 183,135 tons. These figures do not include a considerable tonnage of goods warehoused in premises leased to merchants or goods temporarily landed in transit by shipowners.

in the same period was 640,869 tons. The export traffic handled by the Authority

The Thames Conservancy. The Conservators of the River Thames were constituted a body corporate by Act of Parliament in 1857, and their powers altered by various Acts from time to time. Under the Port of London Act, 1908 (see above), the number of Conservators was reduced from 8 to 28, and their responsibilities were confined to the nontidal reaches of the river between Cricklade and Teddington. The Conservators are appointed by the Corporation of London, the London County Council, the Metropolitan Water Board, the Board of Trade, the Port Authority, and the Councils of the riverside counties, boroughs, and urban districts. The whole of the works on the upper river, the control of the navigation, the registration of vessels, the prevention of pollution of the whole of the Thames watershed, and the protection of the fisheries are entrusted to the Conservators. Chairman, Lord Desborough, K.C.V.O.; Secretary of the Conservancy, F. W. Geary; Offices, Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C.

Metropolitan Asylums Board. This body is charged with the control of various asylums for imbeciles, fever and small-pox hospitals, schools and homes for certain classes of children, a training-ship for boys, and land and river ambulance services, etc. Clerk to the Board, T. Duncombe Mann, Office, Victoria Embankment, E.C.

In 1801 the population was 1,608,420. In July 1909 it was estimated to be 4,877,648.

The proportion of males to females in 1901 was 2,173.755 males to 2,298,348 females, giving an excess of 124,593 females, as against a similar excess in 91 of 140,213. The percentage rate of increase from '91 to 1901 was the highest recorded since '21-31, except the period '71-81, when it was 11*18. The town districts with a population of 2000 and upwards showed an average increase of 18.58 per cent. over '91; the villages with a population of from 300 to 2000 showed an increase of 05 per cent., and the rural districts a decrease of 4'60 per cent. The number of inhabited houses was 926,914, as against 817,568 in '91. The number of families was 967,200 in 1901, as against 876,089 in '91. There were 28,106 inhabitants who spoke Gaelic only.

In his latest report, published in 1910, the Registrar-General for Scotland says the outstanding feature of the vital statistics of Scotland for the year 1909 was the lowness of the birth, death, and marriage rates, for each of these was the lowest recorded.

Secretary for Scotland, Lord Pentland. Permanent Under Secretary, James Miller Dodds, C.B.

Lord Advocate, Rt. Hon. Alexander Ure, K.C.,

M.P.

Solicitor-General, W. Hunter, M.P.

The Scottish Police.

57.

H.M. Inspector of Constabulary for Scotland (Major Arthur G. Ferguson), appointed under the County and Burghs Police Act, submits a report annually. According to that for the year ended Dec. 31st, 1909, the authorised strength of the force was 5606, of which 2003 belonged to county forces and 3603 to city and burgh forces. There are also 228 additional police who are privately employed. The aggregate cost of the police, excluding the additional police, privately employed and paid for, was 592,689, which includes rent, taxes, buildings, and all other expenses connected with the police.

Local Government Board, The Board consists of the following exofficio Members: The Secretary for Scotland, President: The Solicitor-General for Scotland and the Permanent Under-Secretary for Scotland; and the following Appointed Members; Sir George McCrae, Vice-President: F. F. Macpherson, Legal Member; and W. Leslie Mackenzie, M.A., M.D., Medical Member. Secretary, A. Murray, I.S.O.; Medical Officer under the Public Health Act, Medical Inspector, and Superintendent of the Vaccine Institute, F. Dittmar, M.A., M.D., D.P.H. Offices, 125, George Street, Edinburgh.

The powers of the Board, though not so extensive, are somewhat similar to those of the English Local Government Board, and involve a complete control of poor law administration and the poor law authorities, and a supervision of the local government and public health authorities; but the Secretary for Scotland exercises certain of

the powers which in England belong to the Local Government Board. The poor law authorities are the Parish Councils, who also exercise many other powers. The other local authorities are the Burghal or Urban Authorities and the County Councils. See ed. 1906. The Local Government Board collects and publishes statistics as to sickness and mortality. The Annual Report of the Local Government Board for the year ended Dec. 31st, 1959, shows that on May 15th, 1909, there were 113,259 (as compared with 99,578 in 1898) poor persons in receipt of relief, of whom 74,221 were paupers and 39,038 their dependants. Of the paupers 15,547 were lunatics. Male paupers numbered 28,127, and females 46,094. Of the sane poor, 82,787 received outdoor and 14,925 indoor relief. Of the sane paupers about 37 per cent. were 65 years of age or upwards and 494 per cent. between the ages of 14 and 65. The total number of persons in receipt of poor law relief amounted to 23 per 1000 of the population.

Local Taxation Statistics.

In the preceding year the amount paid into the Account was £1,143,427. During the year ended Lady Day 1910 £1,127,132 was distributed by the Secretary for Scotland in aid of local expenditure.

"

Under the Agricultural Rates, etc., Scotland, Act, '96, occupiers of "agricultural lands and heritages are liable to pay only three-eighths of the rate in the pound on rates levied by County Councils and Parish Councils. The deficiency in respect of the remaining fiveeighths is met by grants paid by the Secretary for Scotland to those Councils out of the Local Taxation (Scotland) Account. The Scottish Act was passed for a period of five years, and, like the English Act, has been continued from time to time.

In 1909 the estimated population was 4,371,570. The Banking and Railway Statistics, Ireland, for 1909, published in 1910, supply some interesting figures as to the material condition of the country. The deposits and cash balances in Joint Stock Banks have steadily increased from £30,172,000 on Dec. 31st, 1886, to £53,026,000 on Dec. 31st, 1909; this figure was £958,000 above that for Dec. 31st, 1909. The estimated balances in Post Office Savings Banks increased from £2,703,000 on Dec. 31st. '86, to £11,419,000 on Dec. 31st, 1909. In Trustee Savings Banks the amount of deposits increased from £2,007,000 in '86 to £2,475,000 in 1909. The railway receipts for 1909 amounted to £4,180,013, an increase of £74.464 as compared with 1908. The figure was £3,147,458 in 1891.

Administration.

The head of the executive in Ireland is the Viceroy or Lord-Lieutenant, who is assisted by a Chief Secretary, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, the Attorney-General in Ireland, the permanent officials, and a Privy Council (which is a separate and distinct body from the Privy Council of Great Britain); but the government of the country is in all essential points carried on under the direction of or in concert with the Ministry of the day in London. The LordLieutenant is charged with the maintenance of law and order; the Irish Constabulary are under his control, and he may, if he think it to be necessary, direct the Commander of the Forces to send troops to their aid. He has power to commute sentences and pardon criminals. There are, however, more agreeable and less anxious functions attaching to the office; for, as representing His Majesty, the Viceroy, assisted by his wife, holds courts, drawing-rooms, levées, and maintains in Dublin an establishment of a semi-regal character. During his absence the duties of chief governorship are performed by one or more Lord Justice or Lords Justices, those who act in this capacity being usually the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, the Commander of the Forces, and some of the judges. The Lord Chancellor of Ireland is head of the Irish judicial establishment, principal legal adviser of the Lord Lieutenant, and exercises in Ireland many of

The Chief Secretary to the Lord-Lieutenant, or Chief Secretary for Ireland as he is usually called, has been described as prime minister to the Viceroy. His office is at Dublin Castle; but he has also an office in London, which remains open during the sitting of Parliament. He is directly responsible to the House of Commons for the acts of the Irish administration. He is assisted by a Permanent UnderSecretary (salary £2000), and other officials.

There is a separate Local Government Board (see below); a Board of Public Works, which is the great financial agent of the Government in Ireland; a Board of National Education, by which the grant made by Parliament for public education is administered; and a Department of Agriculture and other Industries and Technical Instruction which was created in '99. There are also many other Government Departments in Ireland directly responsible to the Irish Government.

Lord-Lieutenant, The Rt. Hon. the Earl of Aberdeen, K.T., G. C.M G.

Chief Secretary, Rt. Hon. Augustine Birrell, M.P.

Under-Secretary, The Rt. Hon. Sir James B. Dougherty, K.C.B., C.V.O.

Lord Chancellor, The Rt. Hon. Sir Samuel Walker, Bart.

Chairman Board of Public Works, Sir G. C. V. Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B.

Royal Irish Constabulary. This is a semi-military force, consisting of over 10,700 members, who are drilled and disciplined as soldiers, live in barracks, and are armed with rifles, swords, bayonets and revolvers. It was established by Act of Parliament in 35, is paid for out of Imperial funds, and is directly controlled by the Irish Government. In '67 the title of Royal Irish Constabulary was conferred on the force by command of H.M. Queen Victoria.

The duties of this imperial constabulary consist of the following among other numerous civil services not imposed upon police forces in the United Kingdom: viz., collecting agricultural statistics yearly; taking the census decennially; acting as auctioneers for sale of distress; acting as inspectors of weights and measures; acting as inspectors under the Food and Drugs and Explosives Acts; the performance of Custom officers' duties for the prevention of smuggling, and of Excise duties to prevent illicit distillation.

Civil Service Examinations are held, for candidates nominated by the Chief Secretary, for cadetships in the force. One-half of the vacancies for district inspectors are filled by cadets and one-half by specially selected head constables of exceptional merit. Candidates for cadetships must be unmarried, at least 5 ft. 8 in. in height, and between 21 and 26 years of age. A pension system has been established by statute law. Special provisions