when clear, when apposite and when emphatical, as they often are, although we be sensible that the meaning, in which we employ them, does not coincide with that which they have in the sacred volume. Where they are not quoted in the way of proof, but manifestly adopted in the way of illustration, they produce merely the effect of similitude, containing an implicit comparison between the event to which they originally referred, and that to which they are applied by the preacher. Besides, this method of applying by way of allusion passages of the Old Testament, we find also frequently adopted by the writers of the New. Such an use, therefore, we must declare in general, is not only allowable, but often energetic. It requires, however, to be managed with the utmost discretion. Corruptio optimi pessima is even grown into a proverb.

There are two dangers, in particular, which here ought to be carefully guarded against. One is, that whilst we mean only to make an allusive application, we may not express ourselves in such a manner, as might seem to fix a sense on holy writ different from that of the inspired penmen. The other is, that we do not run into the obscure and enigmatic style, as is sometimes doné through an excessive inclination to hunt after Scripture phrases, tropes and figures, or after figurative applications of what perhaps was sufficiently plain in the literal and original use. Nothing can be more opposite to the nature and intention of the explanatory discourse, than such a method. For however emphatical a clear and apposite allusion may be, nothing can have a worse effect, when the resemblance is but faint and scarcely discernible; for then the way of applying the sacred words inevitably appears to the more judicious hearers affected and far-fetched; and though the imaginations of the more ignorant may be pleased, and their ears as it were tickled by the use of phrases, for which through habit they have acquired a veneration, their understandings are not at all enlightened. On the contrary, the subject, (though they may not be sensible of it; for those of this class are very prone to mistake words for things, and mere sound for sense,) is more veiled and darkened to them, than it was before. A preacher who is ever on the scent, (and such preachers I have sometimes heard,) for allusive Scripture phrases, can express nothing in a simple, natural and perspicuous manner. He will exhibit to you the mental blindness of the unregenerate, by telling

you, that they see men as trees walking," spiritual and temporal mercies he rarely fails to denominate, “the blessings of the upper and the nether springs;" in order to denote the assurance, which the church or Christian community have of a triumph over all their enemies, he will tell us, "the shout of a king is among them, and he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn;" and to express I know not what, (but I have myself heard the phrase adopted by preachers of this stamp,) he tells us very pompously, "the king's goings are always to be seen in the sanctuary." Nay, what is worse, (but I remark it here only by the way) sometimes dark and indefinite expressions, like these, are converted into petitions and adopted in public prayer. Such will say, "may the shout of a king be amongst us; may his goings be seen in the sanctuary;" and many other such indefinite and dark expressions one has sometimes occasion to hear, where they are exceedingly unsuitable, in the public devotions; for though the speaker may himself affix some meaning to them, it is impossible they should be understood or applied aright by the much greater part of the audience. With respect to them, therefore, he acts much the same part, as if he prayed in an unknown tongue. So much for the manner and the style in which the doctrines and the duties of our religion ought to be explained to the people. I shall only add upon the whole of this branch of the subject, as a general position that will never fail to hold, that the surest expedient that any person can devise, for preventing his explanation of his subject from being unintelligible to the hearers, is to be careful, in the first place, that he distinctly understand it himself. It was well said by a master in this valuable art, "Si rem potenter conceperis, nec animus, nec facundia in concione defutura sunt;" or in the words of Jerome, "Quia firmiter concepimus bene loquimur." We may safely pronounce, that in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, where we find in any writing the thoughts to be darkly and confusedly expressed, the true reason has been the dark and confused conceptions of the author. One ought, therefore, before all things, to endeavor to be master of the subject which he explains, to range his thoughts properly and naturally, to have a distinct meaning to every expression that he uses, and to employ only such as he has reason to believe will be generally intelligible.

It remains only now, that in this species of discourse we

consider the conclusion. And here, if not always, it will very generally be proper, to begin with a brief recapitulation of the articles discussed. This is of importance both for the better understanding of the subject, and for fixing it more firmly in the memory, and is almost indispensable when the subject happens to be complex. But this is the smallest and the easiest part of what in such discourses should constitute the conclusion. As in religion, the ultimate end both of knowledge and faith is practice, or in other words, the real improvement of the heart and life, so every doctrine whatever is of use, either as a direction in the performance of duty, or as a motive to it. And the knowledge and belief of hearers are no farther salutary to them, than this great end is reached. On the contrary, where it is not reached, where the heart is not bettered and the life reformed, they prove only the means of aggravating their guilt and heightening their condemnation. The doctrine of the unity and spirituality of the Godhead serve to point out the proper object of religious worship, and the nature of that worship which must be acceptable to God. The other doctrines concerning the divine attributes, serve both for our direction in regard to the adoration and homage which we owe to him, and also as motives to the duties of reverence, trust, love and obedience The Scripture doctrine in regard to the positive institutions of religion, serves chiefly to direct us as to the manner and disposition in which these institutions ought to be celebrated. The other doctrines of Christianity are manifestly intended to be used, and are employed by the sacred writers as motives to a pious and Christian life. How strongly does the doctrine of the mediation enforce the calls given in Scripture to sinners to repentance? How powerfully does the doctrine of the influences of the Holy Spirit, rightly understood, tend both to excite us to assiduity and fervor in our devotions, and to animate our endeavors after moral perfection in the persuasion of this almighty aid? Need I suggest the practical use to which the doctrines of the resurrection, of the future judgment, of the final retribution, of heaven, hell and eternity so manifestly point? Nor can anything appear more proper and natural, than such a manner of ending a discourse which, as to the substance of it, was addressed purely to the understanding of the bearers; inasmuch as it is incontrovertible, that the revelation of these important truths delivered in the gospel was never intended to terminate in

being understood and assented to, but in having a happy influence on the disposition of mind and whole behavior. It was not given to gratify our curiosity, but to regulate our lives. Hence it is, that we find it so frequently in Scripture joined with epithets and attributes expressive of this quality, a most holy faith, a doctrine according to godliness, and sound doctrine, vyiaívovoa didaozakia, wholesome instruction, not (as the expression has been sometimes perverted by the bigoted retainers to a party) a precise conformity in phraseology and opinion to all the little captious particularities of the sect. It is impossible to conceive anything more remote from the original signification of the word, sound. It is a term, which marks not the logical justness of a theory, but its beneficial tendency; it is not the truth of any notion which can denominate it sound, but the salutary influence it hath on human life, that which makes it serve as food and medicine to the soul. Whatever in divinity is void of such influence, like the far greater number of the metaphysical questions agitated among controvertists, whether true or false, is hollow and unsound, a barren insignificant speculation; whatever hath an opposite influence, (and such doctrines also have been broached,) and tends to subvert the foundation of mutual love and obligations to the practice of virtue, is more properly termed poisonous. Nay the pure unadulterated tenets of the gospel have so direct and manifest a tendency to enforce sanctity of life and manners, that when any of them are treated of by the inspired writers of the New Testament, the subject is almost invariably concluded by such a practical application. Thus the apostle Peter, 2 Peter iii, after treating of the general conflagration, very naturally concludes, "Seeing then that all these things shall be dissolved, what manner of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation and godliness;" and after taking notice of the new heavens and new earth, that shall succeed the present, he adds, "Wherefore, beloved, seeing that ye look for such things, be diligent that ye may be found of him in peace without spot and blameless." In like manner, the apostle Paul, after treating at some length of the resurrection, concludes the whole with this earnest exhortation, 1 Cor. 15: 58, "Therefore, my beloved brethren, be ye steadfast, immoveable, always abounding in the work of the Lord; forasmuch as ye know that your labor is not in vain in the Lord." It is almost only this part, which in explanatory discourses admits

of warmth, and what may be called an address to the affections. A deep sense in the preacher of the importance of this improvement of every instruction which he gives, an affectionate desire of promoting the good of the people, and a zeal for the interests of religion, and virtue are the only sure methods I know of, for qualifying him to address them suitably and efficaciously.

LECTURE X.

OF CONTROVERSIAL DISCOURSES-CANDOR AND

SIMPLICITY

EVER TO BE STUDIED IN THE DEFENCE OF TRUTH.

I HAVE now finished the consideration of the explanatory sermon, which is of all the kinds mentioned the simplest, and approaches nearest to what in the primitive church was called homily. The end of it, as was observed, is to dispel ignorance and to communicate knowledge, and for this purpose it addresses the understanding of the hearers. The next in order is the controversial, addressed also to the understanding, its end being to conquer doubt and error, and to produce belief. In other words, by the first it is proposed to inform the hearers; by the second, to convince them. It is the second kind, which I now intend to consider. There are many observations, such as those regarding the unity of the subject, the choice of a text, the topics proper for the exordium, the explication of text and context, where necessary, which hold equally in all the kinds, and therefore need not be repeated in the examination of each different kind.

In regard to the unity of the subject, I shall only observe, that here it admits rather a clearer definition or description, than perhaps in any of the others. A controversial sermon is then strictly one, when there is only one thesis, as I may call it, that is, one proposition, whether affirmative or negative, the truth of which it is the scope of the whole discourse to evince. Suppose a preacher should, (in order to guard his people against some apparent danger of seduction; for, without some special reason of this sort controversy is not eligible in the pulpit,) judge it necessary to maintain the lawfulness of infant-baptism; that which would constitute his performance one, is, that the aim of the whole and of every part, should unite in supporting this position, that it is agreeable