Romana pubes crevit, et impio Fana deos habuere rectos, Dixitque tandem perfidus Hannibal: Duris ut ilex tonsa bipennibus Non Hydra secto corpore firmior Merses profundo, pulchrior exiet; Luctere, multa proruet integrum 6 torches are made, 'pines.'-48. Fana deos habuere rectos. The statues of the gods, which the Carthaginian had overthrown, were set up again, and remained from that time forward upright. 49. Perfidus Hannibal. Treacherous' was their great foe's usual epithet among the Romans, applied with much the same justice as the French perfide Albion to England. - 50. Cervi. Hannibal compares the Carthaginians to deer, the Romans to wolves. -51. Opimus, = amplus, magnificus, a rare and only poetical use of the word. -53. Ab İlio, 'going forth from Ilium.' -54. In regard to Tuscis aequoribus, compare Virgil's Aeneid, i. 71, and following. Sacra, the penates which Aeneas carried with him from burning Troy.56. Pertulit, a strengthened attulit.-57. Tonsa, 'shorn' of its uppermost branches, an operation which makes the tree grow stronger. 58. Algidus, a hill in Latium, sacred to Diana. It was thickly wooded. Nigrae, black, dark, dusky.'-59. Per, here in spite of.'-61. Hydra, the celebrated Lernaean snake, which, whenever Hercules cut off one of its heads, received two in its place. Hence it is called here firmior corpore secto, 'stronger because its head was cut from its body.' 62. Vinci dolentem, who grieved to be conquered.' The simple infinitive here is a poetical construction for the accusative with the infinitive.-63. Colchi. In their country Jason sowed the dragon's teeth, and thus produced monsters. Hence summisere, which is properly said of the earth's 'sending up, producing' fruits.-64. Echioniae Thebae. Echion was one of the men who sprang from the dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He alone survived the fight between the brothers, and assisted Cadmus in the building of Thebes.-65. Merses, subjunctive of merso, = = si merses, as in the next line luctere si luctere. Exiet, an ancient = Cum laude victorem geretque Nil Claudiae non perficient manus, Expediunt per acuta belli. 70 75 form for exibit, not used in the prose of the Augustan age.-68. Conjugibus loquenda; hence 'bloody.' 70. Superbos nuntios; such, namely, as he had sent after the battle of Cannae. -72. Nominis here gentis, the Carthaginians.-75. Curae sagaces, the prudence of Augustus. This brings the Claudii safely out of dangerous positions in war. For expedire is strictly used of deliverance from dangers, and acuta belli are cases which demand a speedy decision, critical circumstances.' CARMEN V. AD AUGUSTU M. A EULOGIUM on Augustus, written shortly before 13 B. C., in which year the emperor, after a long absence, returned from Gaul to Rome, and was received by the whole Roman people with the highest tokens of honour. DIVIS orte bonis, optime Romulae Lucem redde tuae, dux bone, patriae: Et soles melius nitent. Ut mater juvenem, quem Notus invido 5 1. Divis bonis; that is, propitiis, 'who hast been born,' or 'hast risen as it were, (like a star) by the grace of the gods, who wished well to the Roman people.' Romulae Romuleae, as in Carm. Saec. 47.5. Lucem, light, life, joy.' The poet, as we see from what follows, takes the word literally, and fancies that the day is brighter in Rome when Augustus is there.-7. It, passes, passes away.' Compare ii. 14, 5.-8. Melius magis. —9. Invido. It envies the = 30 mother the possession of her son.-10. Carpathii maris: compare i. 35, 8. The expression aequora Carpathii maris is somewhat peculiar in Latin, though its translation, the waters of the Carpathian sea,' is quite familiar in English.-11. The journey to Asia and return used generally to occupy at most only a year.-13. Ominibus. She not only prays and makes vows to the gods, but also seeks in all occurrences omens either of her son's return or of his continued absence.-15. Icta, a strong expression, generally confined to sorrow or fear, percussa commota.-18. Nutrit, 'makes fertile.' Faustitas, an ära Xεyóμevov, formed by poetical license, and equivalent to Felicitas or Copia, the goddess of abundance. 20. Culpari metuit, 'fears (and therefore takes care not) to be blamed;' that is, non culpatur, because she is held in respect and honour by all.-22. Mos et lex. Compare what the poet says in iii. 24, 35: leges sine moribus vanae. Edomare domando expellere.-23. Simili prole, on account of the children, who are like the father.'-24. Premit, presses hard after, treads close upon.' 25. Scythen. Compare iii. 8, 23. Horrida, rough,' on account of the rough customs and character of its inhabitants. -27. Fetus, with reference to the large size and fierce appearance of the ancient Germans, who were regarded by the Romans as monsters. - 29. Condit diem, 'spends, passes the day.' The order, quisque in collibus suis, is contrary to the rule of good prose style (Zumpt, $ 800), which requires in suis quisque col· libus, every one in his own vineyard.'-30. Viduas. The trees are viduae till the vine is trained up them; then they become maritae. Compare Epodes, 2, 9.-32. Te adhibet deum, 'he invokes thee as a = 26. Te multa prece, te prosequitur mero Longas O utinam, dux bone, ferias Cum Sal Oceano subest. 35 40 god; that is, at the second course, dessert (alteris or secundis mensis), he makes an offering to thee, as well as to the other gods whose favour he is desirous to conciliate. 33. Te prosequitur, 'he accompanies thee;' that is, throughout thy whole life, in all thy proceedings, he accompanies thee with his prayers and offerings.37. Ferias, holidays,' here 'days of rest,' in which no war or civil dissension shall take from Hesperia (Italy) the peace which she now enjoys. 39. Sicci, sober,' the opposite of uvidi or madidi. Integro die, when the day is yet unbroken, when we have the whole day before us:' hence simply an explanation or expansion of mane. CARMEN VI. AD APOLLINEM. ODE to Apollo, in which Horace beseeches the god to enable him to finish successfully the Carmen Saeculare, the composition of which had been entrusted to him. At the same time he exhorts the young men and maidens who were to sing the carmen to carefulness. DIVE, quem proles Niobea magnae Ceteris major, tibi miles impar, Ille, mordaci velut icta ferro Ille non, inclusus equo Minervae 5 10 1. Dive. The imperative belonging to this vocative is given in line 27, defende. Proles Niobea. Niobe, wife of Amphion, king of Thebes, considered her own seven sons and seven daughters superior to Apollo and Diana, the children of Latona, and turned away the people of Thebes from the worship of these deities. She was punished by the death of her children, who were shot by Apollo and Diana. Magnae linguae, magniloquentiae, 'boasting.'-2. Tityos. See iii. 4, 77.-3. Achilles, of Phthia in Thessaly, hoped, after killing Hector, to conquer Troy; but Apollo so guided the arrows of Paris as to kill the hero, and thus put off for a time the triumph of the Greeks.-5. Major fortior.-7. Dardanas, and in line 12 Teucro, names of the Trojans; the proper names being here used adjectively. Compare iv. 5, 1: Romulae. Tremenda cuspide pugnax. Pugnax is here skilful in fighting,' contrary to its usual sense. Gram. § 206, 3. Homer (Il. xx. 387) describes the lance of Achilles, which was so heavy that no one but himself was able to brandish it.-9. Ille; namely, Achilles. Mordaci ferro. The axe which cuts down a tree has, as it were, an envious pleasure in so doing hence mordax.-10. Impulsa, 'overthrown.'-13. The sense is: had Achilles lived longer, he would not have taken Troy by stratagem, as the Greeks did, but by open force, and would have extirpated the inhabitants, so that Aeneas would have been unable to flee, and Rome would not have been built. Consequently to Apollo Rome owes its existence. Minervae sacra mentito. The wooden horse professed to be an offering to Minerva, to ap |