sallied out against the rampart which the Athenians had raised around their ships, demolished a part of it, and made himself master of those vessels which were hauled ashore. The Athenians ran from all quarters to their defence; and, having first engaged and put to flight the Chians, the rest of the forces under Pædaritus are also defeated. Pædaritus is killed, as were numbers also of the Chians, and many arms were taken. And, after this, the Chians were blocked up by sea and land more closely than ever, and a terrible famine raged amongst them.

Alcibiades now,

The Athenian deputation, headed by Pisander, having reached Tissaphernes, enter into conference about terms of accommodation. -as the conduct of Tissaphernes was still dubious and wavering, since he stood in great awe of the Peloponnesians, and adhered to that rule of policy he had learned from him, "to war both sides

out,"- -Alcibiades now had recourse to another piece of refinement, causing Tissaphernes to insist upon such exorbitant terms that no accommodation could ensue. Tissaphernes, truly, seems to me to have proceeded in this manner from his own voluntary motives, because fear was predominant in him: But in Alcibiades it was purely art : since, as he found the other would not agree upon any terms whatever, he affected to strike the conceit into the Athenians that it really was in his power to manage him at pleasure, and that he was already wrought to their purpose and willing to come to terms, whereas the Athenians would not offer enough. For Alcibiades, himself made such extravagant demands, (since, though Tissaphernes assisted at the conference, the other managed it,) that, though the Athenians had yielded to the far greater part, yet the breaking off the treaty would be thrown at their doors. It was insisted, beside other demands, that "all Ionia should be "given up ;" and, what is more, "all the islands on the "Ionian coast ;" and other points. The Athenians seeming to acquiesce in these, at length, upon the third meeting, lest

the smallness of his own influence should be plainly detected, he demanded leave "for the king to build a fleet, "and to sail along the Athenian coasts, wherever, and with "whatever force, he pleased." Here all accommodation was over: The Athenians, concluding these points insuperable, and that they were abused by Alcibiades, broke off in indignation, and return to Samos.

In the same winter, immediately after breaking off the conference, Tissaphernes repairs to Caunus, with intention to bring the Peloponnesians again to Miletus, and to form other compacts with them the best he should be able, to supply them farther with pay, and by all means to stave off an open rupture. He was in fact apprehensive, that, should so large a fleet be deprived of subsistence, or necessitated to engage with the Athenians, should suffer a defeat, or should the mariners quit their vessels, the Athenians then would carry their point without thanks to him; but his greatest fear was this, lest for the sake of subsistence they should ravage the continent. Upon all these considerations, and the prudential motives arising from each, co-operating with his principal maxim of balancing the Grecians against one another, he sent for the Peloponnesians, pays them their arrears of subsistence, and makes the following treaty, the third of the kind, with them :

"IN the thirteenth year of the reign of Darius, Alexip66 pidas presiding in the college of Ephori at Lacedæmon, "articles are signed, in the plain of Mæander, between the "Lacedæmonians and confederates on one side; and Tissaphernes, Hieramenes, and the sons of Pharnacus, on the "other; concerning the affairs of the king and those of the "Lacedæmonians and confederates,

"The whole of the king's dominions situate in Asia belongeth to the king; and all his own dominions let the king govern as to him seemeth meet.

"The Lacedæmonians and confederates are not to enter "the dominions of the king to commit any act of hostility

"whatever: Nor he those of the contracting parties for any "act of hostility whatever.

“And, in case any of the Lacedæmonians or confede“rates enter in a hostile manner the dominions of the king, "the Lacedæmonians and confederates are bound to restrain "them: And, in case any subjects of the king act in a hos"tile manner against the Lacedæmonians and confederates, "be the king also bound to restrain them.

"Tissaphernes shall pay subsistence to the ships now upon "the station, according to the rates agreed on, till the king's "fleet come up.

66

"But the Lacedæmonians and confederates, so soon as "the king's fleet shall be come up, shall have it in their own option to maintain, if they please, their own fleet; 66 or, in case they choose to take subsistence from Tissa"phernes, he is bound to supply them. Yet the Lacedæmo"nians and confederates, at the expiration of the war, shall 66 repay to Tissaphernes whatever sums they may thus re"ceive from him.

"When the king's fleet cometh up, let the ships of the "Lacedæmonians, and those of the confederates, and those "of the king, carry on the war in concert, by the joint "counsels of Tissaphernes and of the Lacedæmonians and "confederates.

“And, whenever a peace with the Athenians be thought "adviseable, it shall be concluded by the joint consent of "both parties."

The treaty was made and ratified in these terms. And, after this, Tissaphernes employed himself with diligence to bring up the Phoenician fleet, as hath been mentioned, and duly to perform all the branches whatever of his engageAt least he was willing to convince the Peloponnesians, by the measures he took, that he was heartily in earnest.

ments.

In the close of this winter the Baotians got possession of Oropus by treachery, though an Athenian garrison was in it.

The business was effectuated by the management of a party of Eretreans, and those Oropians who were plotting the revolt of Euboea. For, as this town was situated over-against Eretria, it was impossible but, whilst in Athenian hands, it must terribly annoy both Eretria and the rest of Eubea. Having therefore thus gained Oropus, the Eretrians repair to Rhodes, inviting the Peloponnesians to come over to Euboa; but their inclinations were rather to relieve Chios, now sadly distressed. Putting therefore from Rhodes with the whole of their fleet, they stood away to sea; and, having gained the height of Triopium, they descry the Athenian squadron out at sea in a course from Chalce; yet, neither making any motion to bear down upon the other, one fleet pursued their course to Samos, the other put into Miletus. They were now convinced, that, without fighting at sea, they could not possibly relieve Chios.

Here this winter ended: And the twentieth year of this war expired, the history of which Thucydides hath compiled.

YEAR XXI.

IN the ensuing summer, upon the first commencement of the spring, Dercylidas, a Spartan, at the head of an army not considerable for numbers, was sent over-land to Hellespont to effectuate the revolt of Abydus: They are a colony of the Milesians. The Chians also, whilst Astyochus was perplexed about the method of relieving them, were necessitated, by the intolerable closeness of the blockade, to hazard an engagement at sea. It happened whilst Astyochus was yet in Rhodes, that Leon, a Spartan, who came over with Antistenes, though merely as a passenger, had arrived at Chios from Miletus, to act as governor after the death of Pædaritus, with twelve sail of shipping draughted from the squadron stationed at Miletus: Of these, five were Thurian, four Syracusan, one belonged to Anæa, another was Milesian, and..

one was Leon's own. Upon this, the Chians having sallied out with all their force and carried a strong post from the enemy, and at the same time their fleet, consisting of six and thirty sail, launching forth against the thirty-two Athenians, an engagement followed; and, after a battle hotly maintained on both sides, the Chians and allies, who had not the worst of the dispute, sheered off again into harbour; for by this time it began to grow dark.

Instantly upon this, Dercylidas having completed his march from Miletus, Abydus in Hellespont revolts to Dercylidas and Pharnabazus; and two days after Lampsacus did the same.

But intelligence of this having reached Strombichides at Chios, and he with four and twenty sail of Athenians, including the transports which carried the heavy-armed, stretching thither with all possible expedition, the Lampsacenes sailed out to repulse him. He defeated them in battle; and, having at a shout made himself master of Lampsacus, which was quite unfortified, he gave up all the effects and slaves for pillage to his men; and, after re-establishing such as were free in their old habitations, proceeded against Abydus. But, finding them deaf to all schemes of accommodation, and himself unable to reduce them by force, crossing over to the spot opposite to Abydus, he garrisons Sestus, a city on the Chersonese, which had formerly belonged to the Medes, and put in a condition to guard the Hellespont.

During this interval of time, the Chians had very much enlarged their room at sea, and those stationed at Miletus, and even Astyochus, upon receiving the particulars of the late engagement, and advice that Strombichides was drawn off with so many ships, began to be high in spirits. Astyochus, accordingly arriving at Chios with only two ships, carrieth off along with him what shipping was there, and with the whole force is now at sea, in order to make an attempt upon Samos. But when the enemy there, because