had expressly commanded. The Chians, therefore, and Tissaphernes, were now negotiating this point in concert. Calligitus, the son of Laophon, a Megaréan, and Timagoras, the son of Athenagoras, Cyzicene, both exiles from their native places, and refuged with Pharnabazus, the son of Pharnabacus, arrive at Lacedæmon about the same point of time, commissioned by Pharnabazus to procure an aid of shipping for the Hellespont, by which he might be enabled (the very same thing as Tissaphernes desired) to work the revolt of the cities within his district from the Athenian obedience, because of the tributes, and expeditiously to gain for himself the credit of having procured for his master the alliance of the Lacedæmonians. As the agents of Pharnabazus and those also of Tissaphernes were negotiating the same point, though apart from each other, a great debate arose among the statesmen at Lacedæmon; one party insisting, with vehemence, that an aid of shipping and a land force should be sent to Ionia and Chios: another party, that they should be sent first to Hellespont. The Lacedæmonians, however, complied by far the soonest with the demands of the Chians and Tissaphernes. Alcibiades, indeed, espoused the cause of the latter, from an extraordinary zeal to mark hereditary friendship to Endius, who at this juncture presided in the college of Ephori. On this account it was, that the family of Alcibiades, in compliment to this friendship, had taken a Lacedæmonian name; for this Endius was the son of an Alcibiades. Yet, previously, the Lacedæmonians dispatched Phrynis, a person born and educated in those parts, to Chios, to inspect the state of affairs there, and report, whether they had so large a number of shipping as they pretended, and their situation in other respects equalized the fine account they had given of it. Accordingly, when Phrynis had reported, “that all the accounts they had "heard were true," the Chians and Erythræans were instantly admitted allies. They voted, farther, to send them

forty sail of shipping, as there were already assembled at Chios not fewer than sixty from places which the Chians named. Ten of these they designed to dispatch, as soon as possible, under the command of Melanchridas, who was appointed admiral. But afterwards, the shock of an earthquake being felt, instead of Melanchridas they sent Chalcideus; and, instead of ten, equipped in Laconia only five, ships for this service.

Here the winter ended; and the nineteenth year of this war came also to an end, of which Thucydides hath compiled the history.

YEAR XX.

SUMMER now coming on, as the Chians were most earnestly soliciting the dispatch of the ships, and also afraid lest the Athenians thould get notice of their transactions,—for the whole of the negotiation had been carried on without the knowledge of the latter,-the Lacedæmonians send to Corinth three citizens of Sparta, to prevail with that State for the transportation of their ships with all possible expedition across the isthmus, from the other sea into that which lies towards Athens, that all in a body might stand away for Chios; as well those which Agis had destined for the service of Lesbos as the rest. The whole number of shipping belonging to the alliance, now assembled together there, amounted to thirty-nine.

But Calligitus, truly, and Timagoras refused, in the name of Pharnabazus, to have any participation in the expedition to Chios; nor would part with the money they had brought them, which was five and twenty talens*, to disburse this equipment. They intended to get another fitted out, which should sail away under their own orders.

As for Agis, when now he perceived that the Lacedæmonians were determined to go first to Chios, he no longer

48431. 15s. sterling.

suffered his own projects to clash with those of the State; but the confederates now assembling at Corinth proceeded to draw up a plan of operations. It was accordingly agreed, that they should go first to Chios, under the command of Chalcideus, who fitted out the five ships in Laconia; from thence to Lesbos, under the command of Alcamenes, whom Agis had destined for that service; in the last place they should proceed to Hellespont, and in this service it was agreed before-hand, that Clearchus, the son of Ramphias, should take upon him the command. But the first step should be the transportation of a moiety of their shipping across the isthmus, which were immediately to stand out to sea, that the attention of the Athenians might be less engaged upon such as were already in their course than on those which were to follow; for now they determined to cross the sea in an open insulting manner, as they contemned the present impotence of the Athenians, because they had no considerable force any where at sea.

When these resolutions were formally completed, they immediately transported one and twenty ships. Expeditious sailing was earnestly solicited; but the Corinthians declared a reluctancy to go the voyage till they had celebrated the Isthmian games, which were at hand. To remove this obstacle, Agis declared himself ready to have the whole procedure charged to his own account, that they might be cleared from a breach of the Isthmian cessation. The Corinthians not complying with this proposal, and delay necessarily resulting from it, the Athenians gained by this an earlier discovery of the negotiation of the Chians; and, dispatching Aristocrates, one of their generals, charged them openly with the guilt of such a procedure. The Chians as strenuously denying the charge, they commanded them to send away their shipping forthwith to Athens by way of pledge for their safety.

The Chians accordingly sent seven. But the detachment of these was intirely owing to the popular party of that

island, who had been kept in utter ignorance of the late negotiation. The few, who were privy to it, had no mind to incur the popular resentment before they were enabled to stem its fury; especially as now they had resigned all hope of the arrival of the Peloponnesians, whose motions were exceeding dilatory.

In the mean time the Isthmian games were solemnized ; and at these the Athenians, who had the regular invitation sent them, assisted in form. The practices of the Chians became here more apparent to them than ever. No sooner, therefore, were they returned to Athens, than they put all the needful expedients in readiness, to prevent the squadron, which was to sail from Cenchreæ, from passing undiscovered.

When the festival was over, the latter with one and twenty sail, under the command of Alcamenes, stood out to sea in order for Chios. And the Athenians, advancing against them, at first with an equal number of ships, stood off again into open sea; but, when the Peloponnesians would not follow them far, but stood in to the land, the Athenians disappeared; for, having amongst their number the seven ships of the Chians, they thought it not safe to trust them.

But, having afterwards manned out others, to the amount of thirty-seven, they drive the enemy along the coast into Piræus of the Corinthians: this is a desart harbour, and the last upon the confines of Epidauria. One ship, indeed, which the enemy came up with at sea, the Peloponnesians lost; but all the rest they draw together to a station within the harbour. Here the Athenians attacked them, on the water with their ships, and by land with a party sent purposely on shore. The attack was attended with great confusion, and carried on in a disorderly manner. The party of the Athenians, which attacked from the land, disable the bulk of the squadron, and kill the commander, Alcamenes; some also of their own people perished in the action.

But, when the dispute was ended, they posted a suf

ficient number of their ships to lie facing those of the enemy; and with the remainder anchor near a little isle, on which, as it lay at a small distance, they form an encampment, and send away to Athens for a reinforcement.

In favour of the Peloponnesians came up, on the day following, not only the Corinthians, but soon after a number also of others, from the adjacent country, in aid of the squadron; who, perceiving that the preservation of it would be a work of laborious toil on so desart a coast, were sadly perplexed. Some argued vehemently for setting the ships on fire: but at length it was concluded to draw them ashore, and, incamping with their land-forces round them, to guard them from the enemy till some convenient opportunity should offer of getting them away. Agis, also, when informed of their situation, sent to them Thermo, a citizen of Sparta.

To the Lacedæmonians the first advice that had been sent was this, that "the squadron had set sail from the "isthmus :" for orders had been given Alcamenes by the Ephori, that, when this point was executed, he should dispatch a horseman to them. And immediately then they had determined to dispatch away the commander Chalcideus, accompanied by Alcibiades, with the five ships of their own equipment; but, at the instant they were ready to move off, the news arrived,-that "the squadron had been "drove into Piræus." Dejected by this unexpected event, because they had stumbled in the very first entrance on an Ionian war, they no longer persisted in the design of sending away their own ships, but even thought of recalling some of those which were already at sea. But, as this was disco-, vered by Alcibiades, he again persuades Endius, and the other Ephori, by no means entirely to give up the expedition; assuring them, that "by a timely dispatch they yet "might make that island, before any information of the dis

aster which had befallen the squadron could reach the "Chians; and of himself, were he once in Ionia, he could