signifies a fat man filled-a man made perfect, so that nothing is wanting. This tribe had the priesthood. The Kiskapocke tribe inclined to war, and had at least one great war chief-Tecumseh. Chillicothe is not known to have been interpreted as a tribal designation. It was from this tribe that the several Indian villages on the Scioto and Miami were given the names they bore, and which was perpetuated by application to one of the early white settlements. The Shawnees have been styled "the Bedouins of the American wilderness" and "the Spartans of the race." To the former title they seem justly entitled by their extensive and almost constant wanderings, and the latter is not an inappropriate appellation, con'sidering their well-known bravery and the stoicism with which they bore the consequences of defeat. From the time of their reëstablishment upon the Scioto until after the treaty with Greenville, a period of from forty to fifty years, they were constantly engaged in warfare against the whites. They were among the most active allies of the French, and after the conquest of Canada, continued, in concert with the Delawares, hostilities which were only terminated by the marching! of Colonel Boquet's forces into the country of the latter. They made numerous incursions into Pennsylvania, the Virginia frontier, harassed the Kentucky stations, and either alone or in conjunction with the Indians of other tribes, actually attacked, or threatening to do so terrorized the first settlers in Ohio from Marietta to the Miamis. They took an active part against the Americans in the war for independence and in the Indian war which followed, and a part of them, under the leadership of Tecumseh, joined the British in the war of 1812.

The Wyandots, or Hurons, had their principal seat opposite Detroit and smaller settlements (the only ones within the limits of Ohio, probably, except the village on Whitewoman creek) on the Maumee and Sandusky. They claimed greater antiquity than any of the other tribes, and their assumption was even allowed by the Delawares. Their right to the country, between the Ohio and Lake Erie, from the Allegheny to the Great Miami, derived from ancient sovereignty, or from the incorporation of the three extinct tribes (the Eries, Andastes and Neutrals) was never disputed, save by the Six Nations. The Jesuit missionaries, who were among them as early as 1639, and who had ample advantages for obtaining accurate information concerning the tribe, placed their number at ten thousand. They were both more civilized and more warlike than the other tribes of the northwest. Their population being, comparatively

speaking, large and at the same time concentrated, they naturally gave more attention than did other tribes to agriculture. Extensive fields of maize adjoined their villages. The Wyandots on the score of bravery nave been given a higher rank than any of the other Ohio tribes.* With them flight from an enemy in battle, whatever might be the odds of strength or advantage of ground, was a disgrace. They fought to the death and would not be taken prisoners. Of thirteen chiefs of the tribe engaged in the battle of Fallen Timbers, Wayne's victory, only one was taken alive, and he badly wounded.

The Ottawas existed in the territory constituting Ohio only in small numbers, and have no particular claims for attention. They seem to have been inferior in almost all respects to the Delawares, Wyandots and Shawnees, though as the tribe to which the great Pontiac belonged they have been rendered quite conspicuous in history.

The Miami Indians were, so far as actual knowledge extends, the original denizens of the valleys bearing their name, and claimed that they were created in it. The name in the Ottawa tongue signifies mother. The ancient name of the Miamis was Twigtwees. The Mingoes or Cayugas, a fragment of the Iroquois, had only a few small villages, one at Mingo Bottom, three miles below Steubenville, and others upon the Scioto. Logan came into Ohio in 1772 and dwelt for a time at the latter town, but two years later was on the Scioto.

ALFRED MATHEWS.

ARTHUR ST. CLAIR AND THE ORDINANCE OF 1787.

St. Clair is an honored name in history. First in Normandy, and after the eleventh century for many generations in Scotland, its possessors were men of wealth and a high order of intelligence, and were among the most prominent characters of the realm. They remained loyal to the crown through its varying fortunes, and when Scotland passed under the dominion of England, continued their allegiance to royalty. They showed a rare genius for military life. This bent of mind was characteristic of the St. Clair whose career in part is here briefly outlined.

* William Henry Harrison and other eminent authorities pay the highest tribute to the valor of the Wyandot warriors, and give abundant proofs of their assertions,

Arthur St. Clair, whose father was a younger son and possessed neither lands nor title was born in the year 1734, in the town of Thurso, in Caithness, Scotland. Thurso is a place of some 3,500 inhabitants, a quiet village lying to the north of Glasgow and Edinburgh, and close to the Atlantic seaboard. Its chief claim to fame no doubt rests upon having been the birthplace of one who became so prominent in American affairs, gave such valuable aid in securing American independence, and had so large a share in the formation and adminstration of the government of a considerable portion of the American people. To his father he owed little, to his mother much. Educated at the University of Edinburgh, his parents intended him for a professional career. At an early age he began the study of medicine, which, upon the death of his mother in 1757, he abandoned, and through influential friends obtained a commission as ensign in the second battalion of the Sixtieth regiment of foot, known as the Royal American regiment. It consisted of four battalions of one thousand men each. In 1758 Major-general Amherst was made colonel of this regiment and commander-in-chief of all the forces in America, and on the twenty-eighth day of May of the same year, arrived in Canada with his army. Thus came to the western world in the twentyfourth year of his age, Arthur St. Clair, with the laudable ambition of making, if possible, a fortune, but certainly a good and honored name. His first lessons in the art of war were taken under the tuition of such veterans as Lawrence, Murray and Wolfe, the story of whose heroic deeds for English supremacy in Canada is familiar to every reader. In every position in which he was placed young St. Clair acquitted himself with rare bravery. He soon received a lieutenant's commission, serving with distinction in the battle at the mouth of the Montmorency and in the siege of Quebec, where General Wolfe lost his life, but where the French, on the eighth day of September, 1759, surrendered, and Canada became an English province, though articles of capitulation were not executed until nearly a year later.

From Canada St. Clair went to Boston, where he made the acquaintance of Miss Phoebe Bayard, daughter of one of the first families of that city, whose mother was half sister of Governor James Bowdoin. For Miss Bayard young St. Clair formed a strong attachment and they were married, probably in the year 1761. In the Ligonier valley, western Pennsylvania, St. Clair, for services in Canada, received a grant of one thousand acres of land, and thither, in the year 1764 or 1765, he removed.

He set actively to work to improve his property. He built a handsome residence, and the first grist mill in western Pennsylvania. Many Scotch families sought a residence in this beautiful and fertile valley. He was the leading spirit in this western colony, and in 1770 was appointed surveyor, a justice of the court of quarter sessions and common pleas, and a member of the governor's council for the district of Cumberland, or Cumberland county. When Bedford county was formed in 1771, and Westmoreland in 1773, he was appointed to fill like offices of trust for these counties respectively. Here he led a busy life for two years, when, upon the outbreak of hostilities with England, he unsheathed his sword and proffered his services in defence of the country of his adoption.

It is not within the scope of this sketch, which is more immediately concerned with the relation he bore to the ordinance of 1787, and that part of his history which records the acts of his administration as the first governor of the Northwest Territory, to follow the fortunes of Gen. St. Clair through the war for independence. Suffice it to say that quitting private life when its comforts were greatest and his financial affairs the most prosperous, he rendered to his country valuable service in Canada in the summer of 1776, at the battles of Trenton and Princeton in the winter of 1776-7, rose to the rank of major-general in the northern department in 1777, and afterwards, as a member of Washington's military family, won the confidence and friendship of his chief to such a degree that they were never withdrawn even when he was overtaken by reverses ; and that he returned to civil life at the close of the struggle to find that to his country he had sacrificed not only eight years of the very prime of his life, but likewise his fortune and the emoluments of his lucrative offices. His first office after the war was that of member of the board of censors, whose duties were to see that the laws were efficiently and honestly executed. St. Clair became a member of congress in 1786 and in 1787 its president. This was the year in which the ordinance for the government of the Northwest Territory was adopted. It is a remarkable coincidence that this gentleman should have presided over the body that enacted this grand charter of freedom, and afterwards should have been the first executive officer, as governor of the Northwest Territory, to administer and enforce its laws. General St. Clair's connection with this great and beneficent ordinance is of very great interest, intensified, however, by the fact that Mr. William Frederick Poole, in an able and well written contribution to the North American Review in 1876, on the authorship of

the ordinance, did him a great injustice by imputing to him improper motives wholly foreign to his character. For a full understanding of the charge and its complete refutation, a brief history of the ordinance will be necessary

In 1784 Thomas Jefferson had prepared and reported a comprehensive measure for the government of the Northwest Territory, from which ten states were to be formed. It contained among other provisions the following stipulation: "That after the year 1800 of the Christian era, there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the said (ten) states, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted to have been personally guilty." This provision was stricken out, and the ordinance was passed, but owing to the fact that the lands had not been surveyed nor Indian titles perfected it became inoperative and remained a dead letter. In 1786, a memorial having been received from the inhabitants of Kaskaskia, praying for the organization of a territorial government, a committee consisting of Mr. Johnson of Connecticut, Mr. Pickney of South Carolina, Mr. Smith of New York, Mr. Dane of Massachusetts, and Mr. Henry of Maryland, was appointed to draft a suitable measure, and April 26, 1787, reported a code of laws for the temporary government of the territory, which reached a third reading on the tenth of May, but was not brought to a final vote. At this juncture there appeared at the door of congress a gentleman to whom more than to any other the people of the northwestern states are indebted for the prompt action by congress which gave them this great bill of rights, aptly called the ordinance of freedom.

This gentleman was the Rev. Manasseh Cutler of Ipswich, Massachusetts. He came before congress as the agent of the Ohio Land company. He wished to purchase for that company a million and a half -and finally did purchase nearly five million-acres of land in the Northwest Territory. He was well fitted for the business he had undertaken. He was a ripe scholar, a graduate of Yale college, a distinguished scientist, an able divine, an eloquent speaker, and more than all, a wily diplomatist, possessed of a fine and commanding presence and courtly manners. He came to congress armed with letters of introduction to Gen. St. Clair, the president of that body, General Knox, Richard Henry Lee, Melancthon Smith, Colonel Carrington and others.

Dr. Cutler greatly desired to make the purchase for his company, but stipulated, as a necessary condition of purchase, for the passage of a suit