.own, a little above the Beaver. The great geographer, D'Anville of France, in 1755 lays down the Beaver, with the Mahoning from the west, rising in a lake, all very incorrectly, with Lake Erie rising to the northeast like a pair of stairs and the Ohio nearly parallel to it.

The map published in 1754 with Washington's report takes good account of Great Beaver creck-Logstown just above it; opposite, on the Ohio, a fort; Delawares on the west at the mouth; Kuskuskas above; and above that, Owendos' town, "Wyandot.' The mixed state of the Indians at that time appears in Céleron, who found in Logstown Iroquois from different places, Shawnees, Delawares, also Nepissings, Abenakes and Ottawas.

Being a convenient way of passing to the lake, a trail as an avenue of commerce preceded the canal, and that the railroad.

Evans was to draw and Franklin to publish, in 1755, at Philadelphia, a map plainly in demand by traders, and from information given by them. At the mouth of the Beaver is a Shingoes' town; a trail up to the forks finds the Kuskuskas; a trail to the east leaves it for "Wenango" and "Petroleum;" the trail to the west goes to "Salt Springs," and where farther does not appear.

In his "Analysis," Mr. Evans says: "Beaver creck is navigable with canoes only. At Kushkies, about sixteen miles up, two branches spread opposite ways-one interlocks with French creek and Cherage, the other westward with Muskingum and Cuyahoga. On this are many salt springs. about thirty-five miles above the forks. It is canocable about twenty miles farther. The eastern branch is less considerable, but both are very slow, spreading through a very rich, level country, full of swamps and ponds which prevent a good portage, but will no doubt in future ages be fit to open a canal between the waters of the Ohio and Lake Erie."

A map often reprinted, and the one which was made the basis of the treaty of peace after the revolution, was that of John Mitchell, London, 1755

Kushkies is said to be the "chief town of the Six Nations on the Ohio, an English factory." On the east branch are "Owendots." Pennsylvania reaches its protection over the whole of the Mahoning.

My purpose to outline discovery is nearly ended. In 1760, with Quebec, all New France was surrendered to the English, but new wars with Indians were to follow. Hutchins, geographer-general to the United States, who introduced our admirable land system, was with

Bouquet in 1864. On his map, between Kuskuske and Salt Lick town, on the west of the river, appears Mahoning Town," the first appearance in the maps of the name.

The subsequent history of Ohio is familiar. That of the Reserve grew out of that ignorance which supposed the continent narrow. King Charles granted in 1660 to Connecticut a tract seventy miles wide and over three thousand long. The money for the Reserve became the school fund of Connecticut, and led by the example, to our admirable system of free schools, so that the ignorance of years ago leads to the wisdom of this.

"There's a divinity that shapes our ends,
Rough hew them as we will."

The error of making the south shore of Lake Erie east and west came to a curious end. When the association of gentlemen known as the Connecticut Land company were about to buy the Reserve, they agreed with a prospective competitor to let it have the excess over three million acres. This was the Excess company, but there was no land for it, and the error of one hundred years led to considerable financial disaster.

I ought to mention, as a matter of curious history, the map of John Fitch, of steamboat memory. He spent considerable time in surveys within the bounds of Ohio and Kentucky, and had previously traveled the country as a prisoner among the Indians. In 1785 he made a map of the "Northwest Country,' containing original and accurate information. He prepared the copper plate, engraved it himself, and printed it with a cider press. He was then living in Bucks county, Pa., and sold the map at six shillings per copy to raise money enough to pursue his inventions. relating to steamboats.

We have now reached the period of settlement and can take a retrospect. From the discovery of the continent in 1494 it was one hundred and seventy-five years to the pioneer discovery of Ohio. In eighty-five years. more both France and England set to work in earnest to make good their claims to it. In thirty-four years more England had beaten France, America had beaten England, and the first permanent settlement had been made in Ohio. It took two hundred and ninety-four years to reach this point. There are but ninety-two years left to 1880 for the pioneers of Ohio; but what a frution to their work! The solitary settlement has become a mighty nation of three million people, as large as the whole United States in the revolution, and how much stronger and with what

an abundance of wealth and comfort-a centre of intelligence and the home of Presidents!

It is a wonderful review. The pioneers found the state covered with large forests, almost without exception requiring the severest labor to remove; and the change, all within a possible lifetime seems amazing. The world cannot show its parallel, and when one thinks seriously it will be found to be one of the most interesting and important events in the history of man. Peace as well as war has its victories.

We can only live over in stories the life of the pioneers. But theirs was sturdy independence and severe labor, with least encouragement.

A DESCRIPTION OF FORT HARMAR.

In the autumn of 1785 General Richard Butler passed down the Ohio on his way to attend the treaty with the Indians at the mouth of the Little Miami. He kept a record of his journey, and his journal gives much interesting information, among other things the location of Fort Harmar. In Virginia and Kentucky measures had been taken for what would have been, really, an irresponsible invasion of the Indian country. This action, which threatened to precipitate a disastrous war, hastened in all probability the action of the confederation in taking measures for the effectual strengthening of the frontier. It was determined to establish several posts northwest of the Ohio. Fort Laurens had been built in 1778 upon the Tuscarawas, near the old Indian town of Tuscarawas and one mile south of the site of the present village of Bolivar. It was injudiciously located, and was abandoned one year after its erection. General Butler, while on his journey in 1785, chose the site for Fort Harmar. Before leaving Fort McIntosh he had prepared and left with Colonel Harmar, the commandant of the post, a paper in which he expressed the opinion that "the mouth of the Muskingum would be a proper place for a post to cover the frontier inhabitants, prevent intruding settlers on the land of the United States, and secure the surveys." In his journal, under date of Saturday, October 8th, he writes:

Sent Lieutenant Doyle and some men to burn the houses of the settlers on the north side and put up proclamations.

Went on very well to the mouth of the Muskingum and found it low. I went on shore to examine the ground most proper to establish a post on; find it too low, but the most eligible is in the point on the Ohio side. Wrote to Major Doughty and recommended this place with my opinion of the kind of work most proper. Left the letter, which contained other remarks on the fort, fixed to a locust tree. A few days later the general instructed a man whom he met ascending the Ohio to take the letter from the mouth of the Muskingum to Major Doughty.

A short time later Major Doughty, with a detachment of United States troops under his command, arrived at the mouth of the Muskingum and began the erection of a post, which was not fully completed until the spring of 1786.

The fort stood very near the point on the western side of the Muskingum, and upon the second terrace above ordinary flood water. It was a regular pentagon in shape, with bastions on each side, and its walls enclosed but little more than three-quarters of an acre. The main walls of defence, techanically called "curtains," were each one hundred and twenty feet long and about twelve or fourteen feet high. They were constructed of logs laid horizontally. The bastions were of the same heighth as the other walls, but unlike them were formed of palings or timbers set upright in the ground. Large two-story log buildings were built

in the bastions for the accommodation of the officers and their families, and the barracks for the troops were erected along the curtains, the roofs sloping toward the centre of the enclosure. They were divided into four rooms of thirty feet each, supplied with fireplaces, and were sufficient for the accommodation of a regiment of men, a larger number, by the way, than was ever quartered in the fort. From the roof of the barracks building towards the Ohio river there arose a watch tower, surmounted *American Pioneer, volume one, 1842, contribution by Dr. S. P. Hildreth.