DE AERE, AQUA PROFLUENTE, MARI, LITTORE, &c. I. Et quidem naturali jure communia sunt omnium hæc, aer, aqua profluens, mare, et per hoc littora maris: nemo igitur ad littus maris accedere prohibetur; dum tamen a villis et monumentis et ædificiis abstineat: quia non sunt juris gentium, sicut est mare. 1. Things common to mankind by the law of nature, are the air, running water, the sea, and consequently the shores of the sea; no man therefore is prohibited from approaching any part the of seashore, whilst he abstains fromdamaging farms, monuments, ifices, &c. which are not in common as the sea is. DE FLUMINIBUS ET PORTUBUS. II. Flumina autem omnia, 2. Rivers and ports are pubet portus, publica sunt: ideoque lic; hence the right of fishing in jus piscandi omnibus commune a port, or in rivers are in comest in portu fluminibusque. mon. DEFINITIO LITTORIS. III. Est autem littus maris, quatenus hybernus fluctus maximus excurrit. 3. All that tract of land, over which the greatest winter flood extends itself, is the sea-shore. DE USU ET PROPRIETATE RIPARUM. IV. Riparum quoque usus publicus est jure gentium, sicut ipsius fluminis; itaque naves ad eas appellere, funes arboribus ibi natis religare, onus aliquod in his reponere, cuilibet liberum est, sicut per ipsum flumen navigare: sed proprietas earum illorum est, quorum prædiis hærent: qua de causa arbores quoque in eisdem natæ eorundem sunt. 4. By the law of nations the use of the banks is as public as the rivers; therefore all persons are at equal liberty to land their vessels, unload them, and to fasten ropes to trees upon the banks, as to navigate upon the river itself; still, the banks of a river are the property of those who possess the land adjoining; and therefore the trees which grow upon them, are also the property of the same persons. DE USU ET PROPRIETATE LITTORUM. § V. Littorum quoque usus publicus est, et juris gentium, sicut et ipsius maris: et ob id cuilibet liberum est casam ibi ponere, in quam se recipiat, sicut retia siccare, et ex mari deducere; proprietas autem eorum potest in telligi nullius esse: sed ejusdem juris esse, cujus et mare, et, quæ subjacet mari, terra vel arena. 5. The use of the sea-shore, as well as of the sea, is also public by the law of nations; and therefore any person may erect a cottage upon it, to which he may resort to dry his nets, and hawl them from the water; for the shores are not understood to be property in any man, but are compared to the sea itself, and to the sand or ground which is under the sea. DE REBUS UNIVERSITATIS. § VI. Universitatis sunt, non § 6. Theatres, ground approsnigulorum, quæ in civitatibus priated for a race, or public exer VIII. Sacræ res sunt, quæ rite per pontifices Deo consecrata sunt; veluti ædes sacræ, et donaria, quæ rite ad ministerium Dei dedicata sunt; quæ etiam per nostram constitutionem alienari et obligari prohibuimus, excepta causa redemptionis captivorum. Si quis autem auctoritate sua quasi sacrum sibi constituerit, sacrum non est, sed profanum. Locus autem, in quo ædes sacræ sunt ædificatæ, etiam, diruto xedificio, sacer adhuc manet, ut et Papinianus scripsit. 8. Things, which have been duly consecrated by the pontiffs, are sacred; as churches, chapels, and moveables, properly dedicated to the service of God: which we have for bidden by our constition to be aliened or obligated, unless forthe redemption of captives. But, if a man should consecrate a building by his own authority, it would not thus be rendered sacred; but the ground upon which a sacred edifice hath once been erected, will, according to Papinian, continue to be sacred, although the edifice is destroyed. DE RELIGIOSIS. IX. Religiosum locum unusquisque sua voluntate facit, dum mortuum infert in locum suum: in communem autem locum purum, invito socio, inferre non licet: in commune vero sepulchrum etiam, invitis cæteris, licet inferre. Item, si alienus usufructus est, proprictarium placet, nisi consentiente usufructuario, locum religiosum non facere. In alienum locum, consentiente domino, licet inferre; et, licet postea ratum non § 9. Any man may at his will render his own place religious, by making it the repository of a dead body; yet, when two are joint possessors of ground, not before used for such a purpose, the one cannot make it religious without consent of the other. But, when there is a sepulchre in common, any joint possessor may use it, although the rest dissent. And, when there is a proprietor, and an usufructuary, of the same place, LIB. II. habuerit, quam illatus est mortuus, tamen locus religiosus fit. TIT. I. the proprietor, without the consent of the usufructuary, cannot render it religious. But a dead body may be laid in a place, with consent of the owner; who if he should afterwards dissent, yet the place becomes religious. DE REBUS SANCTIS. X. Sonctæ quoque res, veluti muri et portæ civitatis, quodammodo divini juris sunt; et ideo nullius in bonis sunt. autem muros sunctos dicimus, Ideo quia pœna capitis constituta est in eos, qui aliquid in muros deliquerint. Ideo et legum eas partes, quibus pœnas constituimus adversus eos, qui contra leges fecerint, sanctiones vocamus. walls and gates of a city, are in § 10. Holy things also, as the some sort of divine, right, and The walls of a city are esteemed therefore the property of no man. holy, inasmuch as any offence againt them is punished captally: and therefore, all those parts of the laws, by which punishments are inflicted upon transgressors, we term sanctions. DE REBUS SINGULORUM. XI. Singulorum autem liominum multis modis res fiunt: quarundum enim, rerum dominium nancisimur jure naturali, quod, sicut diximus, appellatur jus gentium; quarundum vero jure civili. Commodius est itaque a vetustiore jure incipere. Palam est autem, vetutius esse jus naturale, quod cum ipso genere humano rerum natura prodidit. Civilia autem jura tunc esse cœperunt, cum et civitates condi, et magistratus creari et leges scribi, cœperunt. by which things become private 11. There are various means, property. Of some we obtain dominion by the law of nature, which (as we have already observed) is also called the law of nations; of others by the civil law. to begin from the more ancient But it will be most convenient law; that law, which nature established at the birth of mankind; for civil laws could then only begin to exist, when cities began to be built, magistracies to be created, and laws to be written. DE OCCUPATIONE FERARUM. XII. Feræ igitur bestiæ et volucres, et pisces, et omnia animalia, quæ mari, cœlo, et terra nascuntur, simul atque ab aliquo capta fuerint, jure gentium statim illius esse incipiunt: quod enim and all animals, bred either in 12. Wild beasts, birds, fish, the sea, the air, or upon the earth, so soon as they are taken, become by the law of nations, the property of captor: for natural ante nullius est, id naturali ratione occupanti conceditur: nec interest, feras bestias et volucres utrum in suo fundo quis capiat, an in alieno. Plane, qui alienum fundum ingreditur venandi ut aucupandi gratia, potest a domino, si is pæviderit, prohiberi, ne ingrediatur. Quicquid autem eorum ceperis, eousque tuum esse intelligitur, donec tua custodia coercetur; cum vero tuam evaserit custodiam, et in libertatem naturalem sese receperit, tuum esse desinit, et rursus occupantis fit. Naturalem autem libertatem recipere intelligitur, cum vel oculos tuos effugerit, vel ita sit in conspectu tuo, ut difficilis sit ejus persecutio. reason gives to the first occupant, that which had no previous owner: and it is not material, whether a man take wild beasts or birds upon his own, or upon the ground of another: although whoever hath entered into the ground of another for the sake of hunting or fowling, might have been prohibited by the proprietor, if he had foreseen the intent. Whatever of this kind you take, is regarded as your property while it remains under your coercion ; but when it hath escaped your custody, and recovered its natural liberty, it ceases to be yours and becomes the property of the first who seizes it. It is understood to have recovered its natural liberty, if it hath escaped your sight; or although not out of sight, yet if it cannot be pursued and retaken without great difficulty. DE VULNERATIONE. XIII. Illud quæsitum est, an si fera bestia ita vulnerata sit, ut capi possit, statim tua esse intelligatur. Et quibusdam placuit, statim esse tuam, et cousque tuam videri, donec eam persequaris: quod si desieris persequi, desinere tuam esse, et rursus fieri occupantis alii vero putaverunt, non aliter tuam esse, quam si eam ceperis. Sed posteriorem sententiam nos confirmamus, quod multa accidere soleant, ut eam non capias. 13. It hath been questioned, whether a wild beast belongs to him, by whom it hath been so wounded, that it may be taken. And, in the opinion of some, it doth so, as long as he pursues it; but, if he quits the pursuit, it ceases to be his, and again becomes the right of the first occupant. Others have thought, that property in a wild beast must attach to the actual taking it. We confirm this latter opinion; because many accidents happen, which prevent the capture. |