Pers. 1 67. 11 87. Plaut. Stich, 455. asin. 919 Gronov. Casaub. on Theophr. char. 2. Mart. 11 18 cited on 1 100. 1 7 5. v 22 14. x 96 13. 162 CAPTUM Mart. v 44 7-8 captus es unctiore mensa | et maior rapuit canem culina. NIDORE CULINAE Mart. 1 92 9 pasceris et nigrae solo nidoro culinac. Sen, ep. 122 § 12 Varus eques Romanus,. cenarum bonarum adsectator, quas inprobitate linguae merebatur. Apul. mct. 1 21 of a miserly host in cuius hospitio nec fumi nee nidoris nebulam vererer. cf. ΗSt. κνισσοκόλαξ. κνισσοAoxos. Erasm. adag, ollac amicitia, kawvos†pávrns. cf. Plut, de adul. et nm. 3 τοὺς αὐτοληκύθους τούτους λεγομένους καὶ τραπεζέας. . . . ' those who encircle a rich table, whom neither fire nor sword deters μù parâv ini deirvov.' from Eupolis, seo Wytt. Diphil. ap. Ath. vi p. 236 årevés dé τηρῶ τοῦ μαγείρου τὸν καπνόν· | κἂν μὲν σφοδρὸς φερόμενος εἰς ὀρθὸν τρέχῃ. γέγηθα. Lucian catapl. 16 ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἡ κνίσσα ἡ τῶν σκευαζομένων ἐς τὸ δεῖπνον ἀπέκναιέ με . . . οἷον κάθαρμα ἐτεθήπειν, ἀπὸ τῆς κνίσσης τεκμαιρόμενος αὐτοῦ τὴν εὐδαιμονία». 163 seq. who

that wore in his boyhood the golden bulla, or even the leathern bulla of the freedman's son, would so degrado himself as twice to submit to the insults of such a host? 164 ETRUSCUM AURUM XIII 33. XIV 5. Stat. s. v 3 120 nobile pectoris aurum. Plaut. rud. 1171 bulla aureast, pater quam dedit mihi natali die. Bullae have been found in Etruscan graves Builet. d. inst. 1860 186 seq. Like most of the badges of rank or office at Rome (Liv. 18. Festus 8. v. Sardi venales p. 322 M. Becker röm. Alterth. 11 2 77 n. 148), the bulla was borrowed from the Etruscans. Plut. Rom. 25 Romulus once led in triumph the aged general of the Veientines, in memory of which an old man is led in triumphs to this day, clad in the practexta and wearing a child's bulla.' Plin. xxxIII § 10 a Prisco Tarquinio [who came from Etrurin] omnium primo filium, cum in praetextae annis occidisset hostem, bulla aures donatum constat: unde mos bullae duravit, ut eorum qui cquo meruissent filii insigne id haberent, ceteri lorum. so Macrob. who adds Sat. 16 § 9 that the bulla worn by generals in their triumph contained amulets to avert envy. On the use of the bulla as a charm cf. Plin. xxxIII 84 aurum... infantibus applicatur, ut minus noceant quae inferantur veneficia. ib. xxvi § 39 fascinus. Plaut. mil. 1399. Varr. 1. 1. vit § 108 pracbia, a praebendo ut si! tutus, quod sint remedia in collo pueris. Paulus 235 M. Festus 238 M. Juv, x 41-2 n. Macrob. ib. §§ 10-12 hinc deductus mos ut praetexta et bulla in usum pucrorum nobilium usurparentur... alii putant eundem Priscum... instituisse,... ut patricii bulla aurea cum toga cui purpura practcxitur uterentur, dumtaxat illi quorum patres curulem gesserant magistratum [Liv. xxv1 86 attributes the right to the sons of senators]: ceteris autem ut praetexta tantum uterentur indultum, sed usque ad eos quorum parentes equo stipendia iusta meruissent. In the 2d Punic war ib. § 14 concessum ut libertinorum quoque filii, qui ex justa dumtaxat matrefamilias nati fuissent, togam practextam et lorum in collo pro bullae decore gestarent. From this passage, and from existing specimens, wo learn that the bulla was hollow: it was of two parts, globular (Plut. quaest. Rom. 101), or heart-shaped (Macrob. ib. § 7), suspended from the neck (Plut. Sertor. 14 xpvoà repidépara cf. quaest. Rom. 53 p. 277) and resting upon the breast. Paul. Diac. 36 M bulla aurea insigne erat puerorum praetextatorum, quae dependebat eis a pectore. That it was the distinction of the freeborn appears from Cic. Verr. 1 § 152 non vestitus, sed fortuna popularis

164-1711

SLICES FROM THE PATRON'S DISH.

271 videbatur: neque te tam commorchat quod ille cum toga practexta, quam quod sine bulla venerat. vestitus enim neminem commovebat is, quem illi mos et ius ingenuitatis dabat. quod ornamentum pueritiao pater dederat, indicium atque insigne fortunae, hoc ab isto praedone ereptum esse, graviter et acerbe homines ferebant. also from Suet. rhet. 1 p. 122 Reiff. venaliciarii cum Brundisii gregem venalium e navi educerent, jormoso et pretioso puero, quod portitores verebantur, bullam et practextam togam imposuere, facile fallaciam celarunt, Romam venitur. res cognita est. petitur puer, quod domini voluntate fuerit liber, in libertatem. cf. Jahn on Pers. v 31. Müller Etrusk. 1 374. Marquardt ▼ 1 83-86. Rich companion. Yates in archacol. journ. vi 112-3, Vin 166--171. x 159. cf. ib. xut 321–3.

165 PAUPERE Stat. s. v 2 18 paupere claro.

LORO [Ascon.] ad Cic. 1. 1. bulla suspendi in collo infantibus ingenuis solet aurea, libertinis scortea. Plin. and Macrob. 11. ee.

166 1 133 seq. n. Quintil. decl. 298 p. 575 iuvat illa te residua potio et ex locupletis cena nescio quid intactum, caedentis manus oscularis et ferrum (?) portas, fame periturus, si ille nihil malefecerit. Capitolin. Pertin. 12 amicis si quando de prandio suo mittere voluit, misit offulas binas aut omasi partem, aliquando lumbos gallinaceos. phasianum numquam privato convivio comedit aut alicui misit. DCass. LXXXI 3 fin. Plin. pan. 49 § 6 cited on 157. Lucian de mere. cond. 26. ECCE. etc. says tho hungry parasite to Limself. DABIT Hor. s. 11 3 159, 5 10. 167 SEMESUM LEPOGEM ATQUE ALIQUID DE CLUNIBUS APRI Ath. XIV G56ed when Simonides was dining with Hieron and bare was served to all the other guests but none to him, he broke out into the parody οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδ' ευρύς περ ἐὼν ἐξίκετο δεῦρο. Lucian conviv. 22 Δ philosopher writes to the giver of the feast to reproach him with unneighbourly neglect: what frets mo most is your ingratitude; for my happiness does not consist in a helping of boar or hare or cake,' cuoi yap ἡ εὐδαιμονία οὐκ ἐν ὑὺς ἀγρίου μοίρᾳ ἡ λαγωοῦ ἢ πλακοῦντος. ib. 3y at the end of the feast was brought in τὸ ἐντελὲς ὀνομαζόμενον δεῖπνον, one fowl for each, and boar and hare and fried fish etc. Suct. Cal. 18 Gaius (Caligula) sent refreshments round at the shows: qua epulatione equiti R. contra se hilarius avidiusque rescenti partes suas misit; to a senator for the same reason he sent a nomination as praetor extraordinary. cf. id. Domit. 11 cited on 1v 88. Mart. 1x 48 cited on 115. Chrys, de Babyla 8 p. 548 the rich feed parasites like dogs with scraps from their dainty board οἱ γὰρ εὐπορώτεροι τοὺς διὰ τὴν ἀργίαν ὑπὸ τοῦ λιμοῦ φθειρομένους ἐκλέγοντες ἐν τάξει παρασίτων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὰς τραπέζας τρέφο μένων ἔχουσι κυνῶν, τοῖς λειψάνοις τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν παρανόμων δείπνων διασπώντες τὰς γαστέρας τὰς ἀναιδεῖς καὶ πρὸς ὅπερ ἂν θέλωσιν avrais xowuerat. id. hom. in Matt. 48=49 6 p. 501 seq. whero parasites are again classed with dogs, APRI 116 n. 115 n. a capon too small for my lord.' 168 ALTILIS hope of this. 169 STRICTO the bread which you INDE iu have extorted from the slaves you do not touch, but keep in readiness for use, like a drawn sword: Ov. amor. 1 6 14 non timeo strictas in mea fata manus. 170 Virro shews his nice discrimination

DE 1 34.

of character in selecting you as his butt; if you can tamely put up with every affront, you deserve the worst. RASO VIII 192 n. you will one day act the morio with shaven crown. 171 VERTICE Lucian conv. 18-19 in the interval between two courses the host bid

272

STUPIDI CAPITE RASO. ALAPAE. [V 171-173

a jester yeλwrorolór divert his guests; shapeless he was and shorn, having a fow hairs standing on end on his head; he danced twisting his body into odd postures, singing anapacsts with an Egyptian accent, and finally began to jeer the guests, who all took it in good part, except Alkidamas the cynic, who, when called a Malteso lapdog, challenged the fool to a bout of the pankration. It was a pleasant sight, fool and philosopher bruising and bruised. At last the Cynic gave way to his wiry little foe. Mart. 11 72 1-4 hesterna factum narratur, l'ostume, cena | quod nollem-quis enim talia facta probetos tibi pereisum quanto non ipso Latinus | vilia Panniculi percutit ora sono. Tertull. spect. 23 placebit et ille, qui vultus suos noracula mutat? infidelis erga faciem suam, quam non contentus Saturno et Ixidi et Libero prozi mam facere, insuper contumeliis alaparum sic obicit, quasi de prae. cepto Domini ludat docet scilicet et diabolus verberandam maxillam patienter offerre. Arnob. vir 33 mimis nimirum dii gaudent : . . . . delectantur, ut res est, stupidorum capitibus rasis, salpittarum sonitu atquo plausu. Non. s. v. calvitur a calvis mimicis. Artemid. 123 ξυρᾶσθαι δὲ δοκεῖν τὴν κεφαλὴν ὅλην Αἰγυπτίων θεῶν ἱερεῦσι καὶ γελωτοποιοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἐξ ἔθους ἔχουσι ξυρᾶσθαι ἀγαθόν. Alkipbr. ep. 11 43. Dorville on Charit. p. 666. O. Jahn Pers. proleg. LXXXVI-XC on yeλwrowotoi. Chrys. hom. 48-49 in Matt. 6 p. 502b seq. consider, of what service are parasites to your house. Do they make your dinner pleasant? καὶ πῶς ἡδύ, ῥαπιζόμενοι καὶ αἰσχρὰ λέγοντες; καὶ τί τούτου ἀηδέστερον, ὅταν τὸν κατ ̓ εἰκόνα Θεοῦ γενόμενον τύπτῃς καὶ ἐκ τῆς εἰς ἐκεῖνον ὕβρεως τέρψιν ἑαυτῷ συνάγῃς θέατρον ποιῶν τὴν οἰκίαν καὶ μίμων πληρῶν τὸ συμπόσιον, καὶ τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς σκηνής ἐξυρημένους μιμούμενος ὁ εὐγενὴς καὶ ἐλεύθερος; καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκεῖ yehws xal pariouara. Sco Field ad 1. 111 pp. 104-6 who cites at length Chrys, ib. 99. 4224. Synes. calvit. cuc. 77. Aster. hom. 4 p. 57. Greg. Naz. stel. 11 166". id. or. 20. Suid. wapáccTos...KOGOLT PÁTEŠOs, cl. Pallad. ap. Dust ep. crit. p. 181 δε ξυρισθῆναι ἐκέλευσε καὶ ὑπὸ παιδαρίων ¿VTOVάTATA KOGGIOŮra=colaphis peti. Chrys. hom. in Matt. 73=74 4 p. 713 seq. the husband of a rich wife has to put up with affronts from his very slaves, for he is not free. So too parasites listen to the worst taunts and glory in their shnino έγκαλλωπίζονται τῇ αἰσχύνῃ. When we remonstrate with them they in their proverb reply ἔστω ηδύ τι καὶ γλυκύ, καὶ ἀποπνιγέτω με. Then follows a comment on this parasite BAW: 'would hogs or unclean dogs, if they could speak, make any other answer?' etc. Mediaeval jesters or court-fools were also shorn and were the butt of all indignities Dunlop Gesch. d. Prosadichtungen v. Felix Liebrecht, Berl. 1851 72 a. Baldness was looked upon as a fair subject of ridicule (tv 38 n. Aristoph. nub. 540 seq. schol. Suet. Caes. 45), and accordingly parasites and others were brought bald upon the stage Jacobs on Luciani epigr. 18 in Brunck anal. I 311. That parasites sometimes suffered as much from alapae (Tert. Arnob. supr., cf. sat. viii 192 n.) as these mimi, appears from Ter. eun. 243-4 Lindenbr. at ego infelix neque ridiculus esse neque plagas pati possum. Plaut. capt. 86 seq. 469. cf. Antiph. ap. Ath. vi 238 where tho parasite boasts of being τύπτεσθαι, μύδρος. 172 x 270, 846.

QUANDOQUE xiv 51 n.

173 FLAGRA a slavo's punishment 153 n. x 109 n. Hor. s. 1 3 119 Torrent, dig, it 4 10 § 12. 10 7 § 2. ib. 45. XLIX 14 12. Sen. lud. do morte Cl. 15 apparvit subito C. Caesar, et petere illum [Claudium] in servitutem coepit: producit testes, qui illum viderant ab illo flagris ferulis colaphis vapulantem. adiudicatur C. Caesari. Cic. p. C. Rabir. § 12.

VII

TILL now for very want men of letters have been driven to the humblest pursuits (1-7); which yet, all unworthy as they are, must be chosen rather than the baser arts by which slaves riso to wealth (8-16). Henceforth however the poet has a friend in Caesar: other patrons applaud his genius, but leavo him to starvo: so that, if he have no better hope, he would do well to burn his poems and renounco the muso (17-35). Tho rich man, to avoid giving poets their due, will be a brother poet, and free of the guild; at most he will (which ho can do without expense) lend a dusty room for recitation and freedmen to applaud (36-47). Still the poctic frenzy is not cured by all this neglect (18-52). To be worthy of the name however the poet should be relieved from vulgar fears and vulgar cares (53-73). Ho should be, but in fact while harlequins, nay even wild beasts are well provided for, the most admired poets must starvo or write verses to order for a Paris (73-97). The historian's recompenso is even less than the poet's (98-104). Nor let it be said that poets and historiaus aro justly neglected as mero drones, of no scrvice to their kind. For pleaders too, however (tɔ deccivo their creditors or alluro clients) they may maguify their gaius, are thought to bo well repaid for their efforts by the present of a ham and a few jars of wine. True, those who make a show of wealth are better paid: but then the expense of this display in Romo is ruinous (105-149). Harder still is the rhetorician's fate. Not only must ho hear his class droning forth day after day denunciations of tyrants or advice to Hannibal, but (if he would not lose all reward of his labour) must come out, liko an owl into sunshine, from the privacy of his school to the bustle of the courts, in order to claim his scanty dues. Gladly would he lay by his Elements of Rhetoric, to make a fortune like Chrysogonus as a musician (150—177). Men lavish money on their houses and on their cooks, but have nothing to spare for Quintilian. Yet he is no fair sample of his class: ho lives in affluence, but that is owing

274

[VII to his luck. Luck can make of a slave a king, of a rhetorician a consul. Thrasymachus and Rufus more truly represent the oralinary fate of rhetoricians in these our days (178—214). Most of all is the grammarian to be pitied. Ill-paid or not paid at all, plundered by stewards and pedagogues, he is yet required not only himself to possess universal knowledge and a spotless character, but also to exerciso a vigilant superintendence over every act and every look of each of his pupils (215–213).

Friedländer 11 411-3 points out the want of connexion between the introduction of the satire and the body of it: in 1-3. 17-21 poetry is reviving under Caesar's smile; in 22-97 the old beneficence of Maecenas, Fabius, Cotta, is lamented as lost for ever. Again the satire speaks of poets, historians, advocates, teachers of rhetoric and grammar, the introduction of poets only (for studiorum 1, studiis 17 refer to poetic studies; the word nowhere elso occurs in Iuv.). Henco ho infers that the introduction was added under Hadrian, who was known as a poct and patron of poets (Friedlander ib. 312. Teuffel Gesch. d. röm. Lit.1 § 323 8. AV. Caes. 14. Spartian. 14 § 8 fuit enim poematum et litterarum nimium studiosissimus. 16 § 8 quamvis esset in reprehendendis musicis tragicis grammaticis rhetoribus facilis, tamen omnes professores et honoravit et divites fecit), whereas the satire itself was written under Trajan, who did indeed encourage philosophy and oratory (Plin. pan. 47 § 1 quid? vitam, quid? mores iuventutis quam principaliter formas! quem honorem dicendi magistris, quam dignationem sapientiae doctoribus habes! ut sub te spiritum et sanguinem et patriam receperunt studia! quae priorum temporum immanitas exiliis puniebat, cum sibi vitiorum omnium conscius princeps inimicas vitiis artes non odio magis quam reverentia relegaret. at tu casdem artes in com. plexu oculis auribus habes. id. ep. 1 18 § 5 mihi hunc honorem habitum putem, an studiis? studiis malo, quao prope extineta refoventur. ib, vit 14 § 2. 3. Teuffel 312) and history, but not specially poetry, which indeed suffered less than other studies under Domitian.

Nerva (A.D. 96-98) is addressed in words very similar to those of Iuv. by Mart. x11 6 1—2 contigit Ausoniae procerum mitissimus aulae| Nerva, licet toto nune Helicone frui.

CL. Theokr. id. xvi 6 seq. Pallad. Alex, epigr. 9. 14. 41–46 in Brunck anal, 11 p. 408, 409. 415 seq. Tac. dial. 9. 10. Mart. 1 76. 11 4. 88 cited 91 n. 1v 46 cited 119 n. v 56. vi 8. vII 64 7-8. VIII 56 cited 69 n. 1x 74 cited 27 n. x 76. xi 3. xii 6. Auson, epigr. 186.

1-71

BALNEOLUM. PRAECO. ATRIA.

275 Petron. 83 seq. Marquardt v 1 111-122. Friedländer 111' 271-420 'die schöne Litteratur. Poesie und Kunst der Prosa,' Schmidt Gesch. der Denk- u. Glaubensfreiheit 449. Vahlen in Berichte d. Berl. Akad. 1883,

1 RATIO motive.

CAESARE Hadrian.

2 TRISTES Domitian, though at one time he feigned a love of letters, afterwards neglected them. Suet. 2 in primisque poeticae studium [simu. Javit] tam insuetum antea sibi, quam postea spretum et abiectum: recitaritque etiam publice. Quintil. x 1 § 91 n.

3 RESPEXIT St Luko 1 68 éreokéyaro. Son. tranq. an. 8 § 2 laetiores ridebis, quos numquam fortuna rospexit, quam quos deseruit. Aug. de cons, ev. 111 § 26 quotidie dicimus Domine, respice me;' et, 'respexit cum Dominus,' qui de aliquo periculo vel labore divina misericordia liber. 4 BALNEOLUM 233. Poets aro forced

atus est.

to become balneatores in order to gain a livelihood. Beside the public baths (Plin. ep. 1 14 § 6 in publico lavari) and those in private houses, there were also balnea meritoria, to which any one was admitted on payment of a small sum luv. vi 447 quadrante lavari. cf. 11 152. Hor. s.13 137. Sen. ep. 86 § 9. Mart. 11 30 4. vitt 42 34. Becker Gallus 84. The calling of balneator appears to have been in bad repute dig. 1 2 4 § 2. Marquardt v 1 279-281. GABIIS x 100 n. in so small a place but little custom could be expected. FURNOS bakehouses such as are still to be seen at Pompeii in the house of Actacon with three mills and an oven. Suet. Vit. 2 mulicre vulgari, Antiochi cuiusdam furnariam exercentis filia. id. Ang. 4. Marquardt v 2 25.

6 PRAECONES how much the praecones were despised, appears from 111 33 n. 157. Gallonius in particular obtained great notoriety from the verses of Lucilius ap. Cic. tin. 1 § 24 o Publi, o gurges, Galloni, es homo miser,.. cenasti in rita numquam bene, cum omnia in ista | consumis squilla atque acipensere cum decumano. cf. ib. §§ 25. 90. Mart. 1 85. Quintil. cited on xt 3. Cic. p. Quinct. § 94 ut in capite fortu nisque hominum honestissimorum dominentur ii, qui relicta bonorum rirorum disciplina et quaestum et sumptum Gallonii sequi maluerunt, el. ib. § 11 seq. Hor. s. 1 2 47 Galloni praeconis erat acipensere mensa | infamis. Mart. iv 5 4. v 56 cui tradas, Lupe, filium magistro, | quaeris sollicitus diu rogasque. | omnes grammaticosque rhetorasque devites, monco; nihil sit illi cum libris Ciceronis aut Maronis. | famae Tutilium suae relinquat. si versus facit, abdices poetam. | artes discere vult pecuniosas } | fac discat citharoedus aut choraules. | si duri puer ingení videtur, pracconem facias rel architectum. vi 8. Praecones were not eligible to the rank of decuriones, so long as they followed their calling, tab. Herncl. in Becker rön, Alterth. 1 2 383. Cic. ad fam. vt 18 § 1. Jebb's Theophrastus p. 228. Marquardt v 1 357 n. 2272. AGANIPPES l'ausan.

Ι 29 § 3 εν 'Ελίκωνι δὲ πρὸς τὸ ἄλσος ἰόντι τῶν Μουσῶν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ μὲν ἡ ̓Αγανίππη πηγή θυγατέρα δὲ εἶναι τὴν ̓Αγανίππην τοῦ Περμησσοῦ λέγουσι· ῥεῖ δὲ καὶ οὗτος ὁ Περμησσός περὶ τὸν ̔Ελίκωνα.

7 hungry Clio leaves the springs of Helicon for the auction-rooms Orelli inser. 3439 atrium auctionarium. Cic. leg. agr. 1 § 7 at hoc etiam nequissimi homines consumptis patrimoniis fuciunt, ut in atriis auctionariis potius quam in triviis aut in compitis auctionentur. id. p. Quinct. § 13 ab atriis Liciniis atque a praeconum consesSH.