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have been founded on something, that made it proper in the lighter sense, and something also that authorized the speaker to say you have such a mind. And what more probable origin can be imagined, than the longing of a woman in the first month of pregnancy, a subject of such common remark ? You long for it like a woman with child."'—Nares, Glos.

"

3.2.4. Court-Sir Amber-gris. Ambergris was used in perfumery and in cookery; it was also believed to be an aphrodisiac. Stubbes (Anat. Abus., pp. 77-8) inveighs against the use of costly perfumes and musk; but the custom is easily understood, when one considers the unsanitary condition of houses at that time. For the use of ambergris in wines, see Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of the Country 3.2:

'Tis well, be sure,

The wines are lusty, high and full of spirit, and ambered all. 3. 2. II. Rather as ballance, then the sword of Justice. Justice was often personified, and represented in art as a goddess holding balanced scales or a sword; cf. Shakespeare, 2 Hen. VI 5. 2. 102:

You are right Justice, and you weigh this well: Therefore still beare the Ballance, and the Sword.-NED. 3. 2. 26. Rudhudibras de Ironside? Jonson used this name in The New Inn (Wks. 5. 338-9):

He has the father of swords within, a long sword;
Blade Cornish styled of sir Rud Hughdebras.

"Rud Hughdebras was, as Milton tells us, the son of Leil, who built Caerliel, and I know not how many more cities. He seems to have been a peaceful monarch, so that his blade Cornish was not, perhaps, much the worse for use."-G. Milton wrote: "Rudhuddibras, or Hudibras appeasing the commotions which his father could not, founded Caerkeynt or Canterbury, Caerguent, or Winchester, and Mount Paladur, now Septonia or Shaftsbury; but this by others is contradicted." -Hist. of Britain, 1677, p. 23. 'Milton's authority is Geoffrey of Monmouth, Bk. 2, chap. 9. The statement is of course mythical.'-Tennant. The name, Hudibras, is

found also in the Faerie Queene, Bk. 2, canto 2, and was immortalized later by Butler.

3. 2. 26. For metre, see note on 2. 5. 44.

Rudhud | ibras | de Ironside ? | Gone out | of doores.

3. 2. 33. his conjuring names, Hippocrates; Galen or Rasis, Avicen. Averroes. Hippocrates Greek philosopher and writer, termed the ' Father of Medicine,' was born, according to Soranus, in Cos, in the first year of the 80th Olympiad, i. e., 460 B.C. He was believed to be descended from Aesculapius. He was the first to cast superstition aside, and to base the practice of medicine on the principles of inductive philosophy. He is said to have exerted great influence over the Athenian thinkers. His name is especially famous in mediaval stories. In modern times his works on medicine have been highly valued.

Galen (or Galenus) Claudius, the most celebrated of ancient medical writers, was born at Pergamus, in Mysia, about A.D. 130. He spent a considerable part of his life at Rome. He is said to have written nearly hundred treatises on various subjects, including logic, ethics, and grammar. He was regarded as an oracle by the Arabs and Europeans until the fifteenth century.

Rasis, or Rhasis, Latin forms of the surname Razee, a celebrated Arabian physician. He was born about the middle of the ninth century. He wrote treatises on smallpox and the measles. He is said to have been the first who described the smallpox accurately.

'Avicenna, the Latin form of Ibn-Sina, the most illustrious of Arabian physicians, was born at Afshena, a village in Bokhara, 980 A.D. . . No man, except Aristotle and Galen, exercised so absolute an authority in science during the middle ages, as Avicenna. For five centuries his "Canon" was regarded as the authority in the schools of Erope.'

Averroes, the common form of the name Ibn-Roshd, one of the most famous of all the Arabian philosophers and physicians, was born at Cordova, in Spain, probably in the

first quarter of the twelfth century. . . . His celebrity as a writer rests chiefly on his Commentary on Aristotle.... He wrote on medicine, theology, law, logic, etc. ... In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the disciples of Aristotle in Italy were divided into two sects, the Averroists and the Alexandrists.' Lippincott's Pron. Biog. Dict., Encycl. Brit. and Dict. Gr. and Rom. Biog. and Myth.

Burton is constantly quoting these men as authorities in The Anatomy of Melancholy. Chaucer's doctor, who probably influenced Jonson's characterization of Rut, also knew them well; cf. Prologue 429-434;

Wel knew he the olde Esculapius,
And Deiscorides, and eek Rufus,
Old Ypocras, Haly, and Galien,
Serapion, Razis, and Avicen;

Averrois, Damascien, and Constanryn ;
Bernard, and Gatesden, and Gilbertyn.

The fact that Compass refers to Rut's using these as conjuring names is, of course, a thrust at the doctor, as the ignorant practitioner would use the names of authorities without understanding their doctrines; see the character of A Mere Dull Physician in Morley's Character Writing, p. 162. For the relation of medicine to alchemy, astrology, magic, etc., see Hathaway's edition of The Alchemist, Introduction, p. 49. 3. 2. 36. a poore Farthing chang'd in Rosa solis. A farthing's worth of the cordial called rosa-solis. For the use of in for into, see Abbott, Shakespearian Grammar, § 159. For rosasolis as a cure for swooning, see Every Man Out (Wks. 2. 156):

Fung. Another suit!

Sog. How now, nephew?

Fast. Would you speak with me, sir?

(Swoons.

Car. Ay, when he has recovered himself, poor Poll!
Punt. Some rosa-solis.

3.3.8. sattin Doublet: . . . silke Stockings. See the characterization of Silkworm, 1. 6. 4-9.

'This passion for silk stockings is glanced at by other dramatic writers. So, in the Miseries of Inforced Marriage:

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'This town craves maintenance, silk stockings must be had." And, in The Hog hath lost his Pearl, 1614: "Good parts without habiliments of gallantry, are no more set by in these times, than a good leg in a woolen stocking."'—W.

'Bobadill, who is the mirror of fashion in this play [Every Man In], is furnished with silk stockings; and it is not one of the least evils, with which the humorous malice of the poet has pursued his disgrace, to make him pawn this favourite article of gallantry, to procure a warrant for binding over the turbulent Downright to keep the peace.'—G.

3. 3. 21. reputation. Amended to reparation; see variant. 3. 3. 26. A pure Apprentice at Law! 'An ancient term for a barrister at law, as distinguished from a serjeant.'-G.

...

3.3.33. a Court. . . o' the Starre-Chamber. 'The name given in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries to an English high court of justice, consisting of the members of the ordinary council, or of the privy council only, with the addition of certain judges, and exercising jurisdiction, mainly criminal, in certain cases. In practice its jurisdiction was almost unlimited. I took notice of maintenance and liveries, bribery or partiality of jurors, falsification of panels or of verdicts, routs and riots, murder, felony, forgery, perjury, fraud, libel and slander, offences against proclamations, duels, acts tending to treason, as well as of a few civil matters,-disputes as to land between English and foreign merchants, testamentary cases, etc., -in fact all offences may be here examined and punished if the king will." It was abolished by the Long Parliament in 1641, and never afterward revived.'Hudson, Treatise of the Court of Star-Chamber (Collectanea Juridicia, Vol. 2).

3.3.37.

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but like a wild

Young haggard Justice, fly at breach o' the Peace. More of the language of hawking. A haggard was a falcon that had preyed for herself before she was caught, and therefore more difficult to train than one take from the nest.'-C.

3.3.43.

In some words the accent is nearer the end than with us (Abbott, § 490).

That reasonable, so | we may | meet faire,

3. 3. 44-84 and 87-95. These monologues are of the kind that characterize the persons addressed rather than the speaker. The specious but illogical arguments of Compass, which are so admired by Silkworm and Practice, reveal in a striking way their dulness and formality. The satire in Compass's speeches is, of course, directed against a certain condition brought about by the vogue of dueling. 'A law of honour having annexed the imputation of cowardice to patience under an affront, challenges are given and accepted, with no other design than to prevent and wipe off this suspicion, without malice against the adversary-without a wish to destroy him; and, generally, with no other concern than to preserve the duellists' own reputation and reception in the world.'-Steinmetz, The Romance of Duelling 1. 12.

The humor of the situation, aside from Compass' speeches, consists in the conflict between the cowardice of Silkworm and his desire to conform to the code of honor. For well-known parallels, see the clown's account of his quarrel in As You Like It 5. 4. 51-104, and the annotation in the Furness Variorum; also the dueling scenes in Sheridan's The Rivals (1775). Many of the plays of Beaumont and Fletcher utilize dramatic material afforded by the code of honor, and this code motivates the action to a large extent in the heroic plays of Davenant and Dryden. Of The Little French Lawyer (c. 1616) Ward writes: 'The humour of the play lies in its satirical reference to the mania for quarrels of honour which had risen to its height or perhaps... had just passed it-in the age in which the comedy appeared.' For other parallels in Jonson's works, see the scenes in which Master Stephen and Bobadill appear in Every Man In; Shift, in Every Man Out; Tucca, in The Poetaster; Sir John Daw and Sir Amorous La-Foole, in The Silent Woman; and Sir Glorious Tipto, in The New Inn. For a discussion of Jonson's satire of the elaborate rules of fencing and dueling in Cynthia's Revels, see Judson's edition,

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