laft. But the two former epiftles were written againft thofe converted Jews, who only feemed to embrace Christianity in order to make a monftrous affociation of it with Judaifm. The principal work of an interpreter in explaining thefe epiftles is well to diftinguish these two defigns, and carefully to guard against confounding the adverfaries, whom the apostle oppofes. One is the thefis of fuch as regard the gofpel as an imposture; the other is the thefis of thofe, who confider it as a religion come from God, but who think, we ought not to feparate from it the Levitical ceremonies, which had the fame origin.

The principal caufe of confufion upon this fubject is, that fome of the principles, which ferve to refute the Jews, who wholly reject the gospel, ferve alfo to refute thofe, who would receive and debafe it by mixing with it Levitical rites. For this reafon the apostle repeated a part of what he had

faid against the Jews in his epiftle to the Romans, in his epifle to the Galatians against Judaizing Christians, however different the doctrines of thefe erroneous people were.

Such are these principles. Man is not justifed by works but by faith. Rom. iii. 28, &c. Gal. ii. 16.-As many as are of the works of the law are under the curse. Gal. iii. 10.-The law was our schoolmaster to bring us to Chrift. Gal. iii. 24. -Abraham believed God and it was counted to him for rightcoufness. Rom. iv. 3.-But there are alfo in this epiftle to the Galatians other principles, which regard only Judaizing Chriftians, and which cannot be applied at all to the Jews. As thefe. If while we seek to be justified by Chrift we ourselves alfo are found finners-If I build again the things which I deftroyed.Thefe can only regard the fyftem of Judaizing Chriftians." Saur. Ser. tom. viii. fur les citoyens du ciel, &c.

XV.

CONSIDER WHETHER

(4) Remark the manner of an expreffion. This topick is of incomparable utility in difarming an adverfary, in juftifying your own mode of attacking him, in proving, illuftrating, or aggravating a fubject. A few brief examples follow.

i. To confound an adverfary. Before Erafmus first published his annotations on the new teftament, he befought Edward Lee, afterward archbishop of York, to examine and correct them. Lee did fo. Erafmus, as might have been expected, abufed him. Lee juftified himself; and, befide difproving the affertions of his adverfary, availed himself of the manner, in which he had treated him, and largely defcanted on ERASMIAN MODESTY, which, fays he, is become proverbial. The language of Erafmus is too bad to be tranfcribed: but Lee, having repeated, it thus interrogates and exclaims. "Rogo te Erafme. Hæccine funt verba te digna, qui videri vis folus theologus, ac

Rom. viii.

cenfor orbis? Quid potuit dici fpurcius, odiofius, virulentius? Aut quis rabula, quis fcurra, quis mimus, quis latrinarius tam fœda expurgaffet? &c." The prefumption in thefe cafes is always againft the railer. Epift. Apol. Ed. Leci, Anno 1519. ad cale. ejufd. Annotat. fol. 140.

2. The manner of an opponent will frequently juf tify a peculiar manner of attacking him. Thus our Dr. Ames juftifies his expofing to papists, and to the whole world, the treatment, that the puritans had met with from the epifcopalians of this country. "Cum pientiffimi viri, verique tenaciffimi, imo per eorum latera veritatis pars non minima, non erroris tantum, fed fchifmatis, fed hærefeos infimulantur, cum non privatim hæc tanta crimina, fed fcriptis publicis audacter intentantur, ita ut non auditu tantum et incerto rumore: fed confignatis tabulis ad hoftes jam fint perlata, quod et alias liquet, et ex colloquio Hamptonienfi a ponti

an agreeable manner of delivering their discourses. Cardinal Borromeo, who was alfo archbishop of Milan, drew up a plan of preaching for the use of the clergy of his diocese, and very properly, having firft given inftructions concerning the matter, or the doctrine of a fermon, treats of what we call manner under the article form, by which he means ftyle, elocution, voice, action, and whatever elfe may belong to expreffing and delivering a fermon. "Elocutionis genus exquifitum ne affectet-fucum omnem fugiat -imperitæ multitudinis confuetudinem loquendi ne fequatur-verba antiqua et peregrina fugiat-fati, fortune, infortunii nomina, aliaque id generis omnino cavebit Epithetorum item nimium ufum, et poeticum dicendi genus ne confectetur-anicuJarum non adhibeat proverbia -ejufdem rei repetitionem vitet-Cum de peccatis, ad luxuriam pertinentibus, agit, cautionem adhibeat, ne im

prudens in obfcæna verba incidat-videat ne loquendo turpes cogitationes injiciatadulationis verba omnino fugiat-ambitiofum dicendi genus caveat-Ne ambigue, ne concise item, ut auditores incerto fint, ne obfcure loquatur-vocem et actionem ita temperare concionator conabitur, ut non ex arte petere, fed vere, et ex natura dicere videatur-non importune suggeftum palmis feriat: fed cum rei magnitudo pofcit-non per fuggeftum quafi volitabit, nunc ex hoc, nunc ex illo angulo profiliens-Re&us in fuggeftu ftet-ne nares corruget-ne labra lambat-ne mentum pectori affigat-ne brachium tanquam gladiator immoderate projiciat-ne tuffiat, ne expuat crebro, nifi neceffitate coactus-ne in eloquendo per nares majorem fpiritus partem effundatne crebro anhelitu." &c. &c. Carol. Borromai S. Prax. Cardin. et Arch. Mediol. Paf torum inftructiones. Capit. de form, de dec. de voce.