out of the hand of the soldier who held it, and the end of a 12pounder brass cannon which was hit by a cannon-shot and wounded so as to imprison its own ball at the muzzle.

Most of the people of Gettysburg left their homes on the approach of the Confederates, but among the citizens was one old man named John Burns, a veteran of the war of 1812, who had no notion of running away. When he heard that the enemy was marching on the town, he took down his old State musket and began running bullets.

"What are you going to do with those bullets?" asked his wife, who had anxiously watched his movements.

"Oh," replied he, "I thought some of the boys might want the old gun, and I'm getting it ready for them."

When the Union troops passed through the streets, he seized his gun and started out.

"Where are you going?" called the old lady after him. "Going to see what is going on," he answered.

He went to a Wisconsin regiment and asked the men if he might join them. They gave him three rousing cheers and told him to fall in. A rifle was given him in place of his old gun, and twenty-five rounds of cartridges. The old man fought bravely in the first day's fight, and received three wounds. When the Union troops fell back he was left with the other wounded on the battle-field, and was found there by the Confederates. As he was in citizen's dress, he knew they would shoot him if they found out that he had been fighting against them, so when they said to him, "Old man, what are you doing here?" he replied:

"I am lying here wounded, as you see."

"But what business had you here, and who wounded you, our troops or yours?"

"I don't know who wounded me; I only know that I am wounded and in a bad fix."

"Well, what were you doing here? What was your business?"

He told them that he was going home across the fields, and got caught in the scrape before he knew it. They asked him where he lived, and carried him home and left him there; they evidently suspected him, for they asked him many more questions, but old Burns stuck to his story, and they finally left

1863.]

JENNY WADE.

369

him. After the battle a great many people went to see him and gave him many presents.

There was a heroine as well as a hero among the people of Gettysburg. Before the battle, Jenny Wade was baking bread for the Union soldiers. She was in a house within range of the guns, and when the Confederates drove the Union troops through the town and forced them to take refuge on Cemetery Hill, they ordered her to leave. But she refused and kept at her work even while the battle was going on. While busy with her baking a Minié ball passed through her breast and killed. her almost instantly. She was laid in a coffin which had been prepared for a Confederate officer, slain about the same time, and now lies on Cemetery Hill, where the

battle raged hottest that day.

WOUNDED CANNON.

When the first news from Gettysburg reached Richmond it was reported that General Lee had won a great victory and had taken forty thousand prisoners. There was great rejoicing, and people congratulated each other that the bloody struggle was near its end and that the dream of independence was soon to be realized. One of the Richmond newspapers imagined "the second city on the continent open to our armies, and already reckoning up the number of millions it must pay to ransom it from pillage and conflagration. In Philadelphia, how the Quakers quake this day. In Washington, how the whole brood of Lincoln and his rascal ministers turn pale." Another newspaper suggested as an epitaph for General Meade the following from the gravestone of an infant:

"If so soon I'm done for,

Wonder what I was begun for."

But soon rumors that all was not as they could wish it to be began to fill the air. No one knew whence they came, but an uneasy feeling began to spread and people asked each other. what they meant. At last the dread truth could be kept back no longer, and it became known to all that instead of marching as conquerors toward Philadelphia or Washington, Lee's shattered legions were falling back to seek safety once more across the

Potomac. On the heels of this calamity came the dread news from Vicksburg, where Grant and Pemberton had settled the terms of surrender under the oak tree at the very hour when Longstreet had made his last grand charge on Cemetery Ridge. Up to this time people had had strong hopes of success, but now doubt began to fill their hearts. The whole Confederacy received a shock from which it never recovered, and by the close of the year the Confederate paper dollar was worth only two cents in gold.

The joy throughout the North equalled the sorrow in the Confederacy, for every man felt that the Union had escaped the greatest danger which had ever threatened it; yet the people were not altogether satisfied with the result, for there was a very general feeling that the Confederate army should have been closely followed up and forced to fight again. On the 14th of July, after Lee had escaped across the Potomac, Halleck telegraphed to General Meade that the escape of Lee's army without another battle had caused great dissatisfaction in

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IN VIRGINIA AGAIN.

371

the mind of the President. General Meade replied by asking to be relieved of the command, but this was refused. Meade then crossed the Potomac and followed Lee to Culpeper CourtHouse, when Lee fell back across the Rapidan. The Confederate government, believing that the campaign in Virginia was over for the year, sent Longstreet with part of Lee's army to the aid of Bragg, who was then opposing Rosecrans at Chattanooga. Meade's force was also much reduced, some troops being sent to aid in the siege of Charleston, some to put down the draft riots in New York, and finally, after Rosecrans's defeat at Chickamauga, General Hooker was sent to Tennessee with the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps. After that, Meade and Lee watched each other closely, and though there were several fights, no general battle took place during the remainder of the year. In the latter part of November, Meade made preparations to move against Lee, but bad weather delayed him and the attempt was given up, and both armies finally went into winter quarters.

CHAPTER XXXL

CHICKAMAUGA.-CHATTANOOGA.-KNOXVILLE.

ROSECRANS MOVES AGAINST BRAGG.-CAVALRY FIGHTS.-VAN DORN ATTACKS FRANKLIN.— STREIGHT'S RAID.-JOHN MORGAN ACROSS THE OHIO.-INDIANA AND OHIO AROUSED.-MORGAN DEFEATED.-HIS CAPTURE.-THE RAIDERS' PLUNDER-AN OLD HERO.-CHATTANOOGA. -BRAGG FALLS BACK.-BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA.-THOMAS'S BRAVERY.-ROSECRANS RETREATS TO CHATTANOOGA.-JOHNNY CLEM.-HALF RATIONS.-GRANT IN COMMAND.-HE OPENS COMMUNICATIONS.-BURNSIDE IN EAST TENNESSEE.-ARRIVAL OF SHERMAN.-THE BATTLE ABOVE THE CLOUDS.-PULPIT ROCK.-STORMING OF MISSIONARY RIDGE.-HERE IS YOUR MULE.-BRAGG'S RETREAT.-LONGSTREET'S DEFEAT.-SHERMAN'S MARCH TO KNOX

VILLE.-STARVING ON ROAST TURKEY.

A

FTER taking Murfreesboro, General Rosecrans remained inactive for a long time. In the spring of 1863 he was urged to move against General Bragg, who with more than fifty thousand men was posted not far south of Murfreesboro. Rosecrans had about sixty thousand men, but was not so strong in cavalry as the Confederates. He had, too, to draw most of his supplies from Louisville over a single line of railroad, which required many men to guard, for the greater part of it ran through a hostile country.

There were many cavalry raids during the early months of the year, so that both sides were kept busy. In February, General Wheeler, Bragg's chief of cavalry, tried to capture Fort Donelson, so as to stop the navigation of the Cumberland River, by which some of Rosecrans's supplies came in steamboats to Nashville. The fort had not been repaired after its capture by Grant, but the village of Dover near it had been fortified, and it was then held by Colonel A. C. Harding with about six hundred men. The Union men fought bravely, and in the evening the gunboat Fair Play came up and opened a fire on the Confederates, which drove them away in confusion, with a loss of more than five hundred men. Harding's loss was one hundred and twenty-six.

Early in March, General Van Dorn appeared near Franklin with a large force of mounted men. Colonel Colburn, of the Thirty-third Indiana, moved southward from Franklin with twenty-seven hundred men. Van Dorn and Forrest met him, and after a fight of several hours Colburn had to surrender