Censure on Howe's attack on Bunker Hill, 25–Sufferings of the British,

25–Great loss of officers, 26–Death of Abercrombie, 26–Election of Ameri-

can major generals, 26—Artemas Ward, 26—Charles Lee, 26–Opinion of

him in England, 26—His character, 27—His demand of indemnity, 28–New

York proposes Schuyler, 28–Montgomery’s opinion, 29–Schuyler’s charac-

ter, 29–Choice of Israel Putnam, 20–His previous career, 29–His charac-

ter, 29—Horatio Gates Adjutant General, 30–His rank, 30–His character, 30

—Incompetency of the general officers, 30–Thomas Jefferson enters Congress,

30–Election of brigadiers, 30—Seth Pomeroy chosen, 30–His character, 30—

He declines, 30—Richard Montgomery chosen, 30–His character, 31–

Choice of David Wooster, 31—Of William Heath, 31–0f Joseph Spencer, 31

—Of John Thomas, 31–Of John Sullivan, 31—Of Nathaniel Greene, 31–

Washington’s farewell to Congress, 31—His departure from Philadelphia, 31

—His reception at New York, 32—Reception of Governor Tryon, 33—Ad-
dress of New York Congress to Washington, 33–His answer, 34–New York
plan of accommodation, 34–Congress expects but one campaign, 34—Its finan-
cial system, 35–Increase of the army, 35—Congress authorizes the invasion
of Canada, 35—Causes of taking up arms, 36—Measures advised by John
Adams, 37—Franklin's message to Straham, 37—Second petition of congress to
the King, 37—Union announced, 38–Congress addresses the people of Great
Britain, 38—Address to London, 39–Appointment of Richard Penn as agent
for congress, 39–The alternative proposed, 89.

CHAPTER XLII.

THE ARMY Round BoSTON. July, 1775.

Washington, Mifflin, Reed, Lee, Gates, at Cambridge, 40—Popularity

of Washington, 41—Trumbull’s Message, 41—State of the army, 41–Wash-

ington visits the American posts, 41—Their condition, 42—Sufferings of the

inhabitants of Boston, 42–Number of the British army, 42—The American

lines, 43—Stockbridge Indians, 43—Numbers of the American army, 44–

"VOL. VIII, A*

Their appearance, 44—The camp, 44—Its deficiencies, 44–Washington intro-

duces reforms, 45—Lee tries to negotiate, 46—Burgoyne’s letter to Lee, 46–

Lee's clandestine letter to Burgoyne, 46—Various skirmishes and expeditions,

47—Declaration for taking up arms read to the colony, 47—Town meetings in

Massachusetts, 47—Election of house of representatives, 48–Boston town

meeting held at Concord, 48—Attack on Boston lighthouse, 48—Organization

of government in Massaschusetts, 48—Alarm of General Gage, 48—He wishes

to transfer the army to New York, 49–Skirmish at the lighthouse, 49–

Washington misjudges the New England people, 49—Their benevolence and

zeal, 49—Their exertions, 50.

CHAPTER XLIII.

CONGRESS STILL HOPES To AvRRT WAR. July, 29—August, 1775.

Inefficiency of the continental congress as an executive body, 51—Wash-

ington's reports, 51—His wants, 52—Reports from Schuyler, 52—The want of

discipline, 52—Measures adopted by Congress, 52–Congress gives authority

to employ troops, 52-—and recommendations to provide them, 53–Franklin

proposes a confederacy, 53–Its conditions, 53—Its component members, 53–

Its perpetuity, 53—Two great principles of his plan, 54—The proposition

reserved, 54—Georgia joins the Union, 54—Lord North's proposal referred to a

committee, 54—Jamaica remembered, 54–America and Ireland, 54–Ameri-

cans complaim to the Irish of Howe, 55—British attempts to gain the aid of the

savages, 55—Apathy of Congress, 55—Indignation of John Adams, 56—His

letters intercepted, 56—Jefferson's paper in reply to Lord North's proposal,

56—Reasons for rejecting his proposal, 56—Proposal for a truce, 57—Post

Office established, 57—Congressional system of finances, 57—How it was

proposed to redeem the paper money, 58—Contrast of the finances of Britain,

58–Congress refuses to open the American ports, 58—Congress adjourns, 59.

CHAPTER XLIV.

AMERICA Awaits THE KING's DECISION. August—September, 1775.

Duties of Washington, 60—His position, 60—His want of money, powder,

arms, 61—Divisions of the army, 61—Washington's measures to obtain a lit-

tle powder, 61—Spirit of the country, 62—The riflemen, 62—Character of

Morgan, 62–Zeal of his company, 63–Cresap and his company, 63–Pennsyl-

vania riflemen, 64—Alacrity of the new recruits, 64—Influence of the riflemen on

European tactics, 65–Linzee beaten off from Cape Ann, 65—Artifices of Gage,

66–His ill-treatment of American prisoners, 66–Washington remonstrates, 66

—Foolish insolence of Gage, 66–Washington and the people as the source of

power, 66—Retaliation threatened, 67—Stanhope breaks his parole, 67—State

of the British troops in Boston, 67–Timorousness of Gage, 67—Boston more

closely invested, 67–Washington rejects the plan of an expedition against
Nova Scotia, 68—He directs an invasion of Canada from Ticonderoga, 68–

And by way of the Kennebec, 68–His policy with regard to coast defence, 68

—His difficulties and wants, 68–His fortitude, 70.

CHAPTER XLV.

CONDITION OF THE CENTRAL PROVINCEs. July–October, 1775.

Moderation the wise policy for the central provinces, 71—System of Wil-

liam Franklin in New Jersey, 71—Provincial congress of New Jersey, 71–

Provides for defence, 72—Lord Stirling, 72—Pennsylvania, 72—Willing and

its first convention, 72–Reed and its second convention, 73—Mistakes of

policy, 73–The social influence of Philadelphia, 73—Influence of the pro-

prietary governor, 74—Dickinson misuses his power, 74—Insincerity of the

assembly, 74—It appoints a committee of safety, 75–Firmness of Delaware .

75—Mackean, 75–Unanimity of Maryland, 75–Its conservative measures, 76

—It restores equality to the Catholic, 76—Charles Carroll, 76—Lukewarm-

ness of Dulany, 76—Character of Samuel Chase, 76–Spirit of the colony, 77,

—The proprietary, 77—Prudence of Eden, the lieutenant-governor, 77—Con-

vention at Annapolis, 78—Its spirit and measures, 78—It places Catholic and

Protestant on an equality, 78—Rashness of Dunmore in Virginia, 78—Mode-

ration of the assembly, 79–Arrogance of Dunmore, 79–Unanimity of the

assembly, 79—Regal authority abdicated, 79–Virginia convention at Rich-

mond, 80—Its measures, 80–Military rank of Patrick Henry, 80—Richard

Bland, 80—His retirement, 81–George Mason elected to congress, 81—He

declines, 81–Election of Francis Lee, 81—Choice of a committee of safety

81–Edmund Pendleton, 82—Virginia issues more paper money, 82—Taxa-

tion suspended, 82–Declaration of the convention, 82—Spirit of Jefferson, 82.

CHAPTER XLVI.

GEORGIA AND THE CAROLINAs. July–October, 1775.

Governor of Georgia for conciliation, 83—Provincial congress, 83—Its

measures, 83—Movements of the people, 84—State of South Carolina, 84–

Advice of its governor, 84—News of Bunker Hill battle reaches Charleston,

85—A session of the South Carolina legislature, 85—The patriots, 85—The

council, 85—The condition of the interior, 85—Herdsmen, Germans and others,

86—Despised by the planters, 86–Emissaries visit them, 86—Hostilities and

a truce, 87—Andrew Pickens, 87—Many of the inhabitants royalists, 87–

Danger from the savages, 87—Stuart, the Indian agent, 87–Gage and the

savages, 87—His order, 88—Stuart obeys the order, 89—What the deputy

agent thought of employing the Cherokees, 89–Measures for defence of

Charleston, 89—Proposal to arrest the governor, 89—Defeated by Rawlins

Lowndes, 89—Moultrie seizes Fort Johnson, 90—Pinckney’s courage, 90–

Post taken at Haddrell’s Point, 90–Troops on James Island, 91—Governor

Martin’s opinion, 91—Confidence of Lord William Campbell, 91—Spirit of

North Carolina, 92–Robert Howe, 92—Martin retreats, 92—Isis boastful of

fers, 93—The Highlanders in North Carolina, 93–Allan and Flora Mac-

donald, 94–Concert of Macdonald with Martin, 94—Spirit of the people on

Albemarle Sound, 95—Ashe and Harnett burn Fort Johnson, 95—Return of

Caswell, 95—Congress of North Carolina, 96—Johnston its president, 96–

Martin’s proclamation, 96—The Regulators and IIighlanders, 96—The tempo-

rary popular government, 96—Character of Caswell, 97–Hooper proposes

Franklin's plan of a confederacy, 97—Johnston proposes delay, 97—The con-

vention addresses the inhabitants of the British empire, 98—Ashe, 98—Nash,

98–Cornelius Harnett, 98—Harnett chosen president of the provincial coun-

cil, 98

CHAPTER XLVII.

EFFECT OF BUNKER HILL BATTLE IN EUROPE. July 25–August, 1775.

Satisfaction of the king, 99–Uneasiness of Lord North, 99–Burke mis-

Judges, 99–Effect of news of Bunker Hill battle, 100—Opinion of Vergennes, 100

—Animation of the king, 100—He will have twenty thousand men in America,

100–Barrington's hesitation, 100—Ministers supersede Gage, 100—Hano-

verian troops taken into British pay, 101—The senate of Hamburg befriend

the embarkation, 101—The British secretary provokes France, 102—Self-

possession of Vergennes, 102—He desires to send an emissary to America, 102–

Selection of De Bonvouloir, 103—The message of Vergennes to the Americans,

103—The emissary sails for America, 104—Vergennes amazed at the folly of

the British ministers, 104—American affairs a subject of attention in Russia,

104—The Empress Catharine the Second, 104–Her character, 104––Character

of her first minister, 105——Alexis Orloff, 106–Potemkin, 106–Indifference

of Frederic of Prussia, 106—Of the court of Moscow, 107—Gunning's abrupt

proposal, 107—Courteous answer of the empress, 107–Cunning deceives him-

self and misleads his government, 107—Want of decision in the American

congress, 108—Georgia joins the confederacy, 108––Vermont wishes to do so,

108—Kentucky and its representative, 108–Dickinson and John Adams, 109

–Jealousy of New England, 109–Gadsden defends New England, 109—Slow

movements of congress, 109—Negroes allowed to serve in the army, 110

—Washington complains of neglect, 110–Congress send a committee to the

camp, 110–Gage embarks for England, 111—IHowe takes the command at Bos-

ton, 111—Committee from congress hold a conference at Cambridge, 112–

Friendship of Franklin and Washington, 112—Fate of Church, 112–Mowat

burns Falmouth, 113—Effect of this on Washington and others, 113—Origin

of the American navy, 114–Washington employs armed vessels, 114—The

new legislature of Pennsylvania take the oath of allegiance to the king, 114–

Remonstrance of the committee of Philadelphia, 114–Congress uncertain, 115

—New Hampshire asks leave to organize a government, 115—Answer de-

layed, 115.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

THE QUESTION BETWEEN BRITAIN AND AMERICA. August, 1775.

Historic candor and love of truth, 116—History must not hide faults, 116

—Nor neglect the influence of principles, 117—Unity of the material universe,

117–And that of intelligence, 118–Experience confirms intuitive reason, 117

—Duty of the historian to be unbiassed, 118—Why candor is possible, 118–

Antagonism in society of unity and individuality, and their conciliation, 118–

Antagonism of right and fact, and their conciliation, 119—There is a reason for

every party, 119—Impartiality with regard to men wins general sympathy,

120–Impartiality with regard to states, 120–Why British writers and others

find it difficult to regard America impartially, 121—Haughtiness their danger,

121—Why Americans can more easily be impartial, 121—Republicans less

likely to speak ill of princes than men of rank, 122—Americans discriminate

between the English people and a transient ministry, 122—Question at issue, 122

—Antagonism between separated representative governments and unity of the

central power, 122—Solution by James the Second, 123—Conflict avoided from

1688 to 1763, 123—Plan formed in the ministry of Bute, 123–Townshend

brings it forward, 123—Plan modified by George Grenville's whiggism, 124–

Grenville's theory finds no support, 124—Theory of William Pitt, 125—Coun-

ter theory of Rockingham, 125—Rockingham's prevails, 125—Antagonism be-

tween the absolute power of Parliament and the rights of the Americans, 125

—Question raised on Parliamentary reform, 125—Townshend conforms to Rock-

ingham’s theory, and in conformity to it taxes the Colonies, 126—His pream-

ble, 126— Lord North defends the tax on tea, 126—Why he was not in the

right, 127—The king and the East India Company, 127—Advice of Hutchin-

son adopted, 127—And exceeded, 127–Massachusetts resists, 128—The king

threatens blows, 128—Blood shed, 128–Taxation and representation insepara-

ble, 128—Taxation and legislation inseparable, 128—The Americans propose

a compromise, 128—Richard Penn and the second petition to the king, 129.

CHAPTER XLIX.

THE RING AND THE SECOND PETITION OF CONGRESS.

August, September, in Europe.—November in America.

Penn's zeal and celerity, 130—He is totally neglected, 130—The king will

not see him, 131—Force to be employed, 131—The king no dissembler, 131–

insists in proclaiming the Americans rebels, 131—IIis peace of mind, 131–

Britain had nothing to gain by the strife, 131–But the king not opposed, 132

—His irrevocable proclamation, 132—Its bearing on Chatham, Rockingham,

and their friends, 133—Amazement of Vergennes, 133—Ministry mean that

Boston should be burnt, 134—The French ambassador compares the king to

Charles the First, 134—Vergennes sees the king has left himself no retreat,