region of the blacksmith shop. From time to time the old village sites have shown the use of rock crystal in making arrowpoints, and objects of rock crystal have been found in many of the mounds of the Hopewell culture. A large piece of rock crystal weighing between three and four pounds was found in the Paint Creek Valley and is now on exhibition in the museum. Mr. John Wilson found on his farm in Pickaway County a large piece of rock crystal weighing between twenty and thirty pounds, and it would not be surprising if in future years when the flint will likely be quarried for the silica, it will be conclusively shown that the home of the rock crystal found throughout Ohio is at Flint Ridge.

DISTRIBUTION.

The wide distribution over Ohio of objects made of flint is quite apparent to the student of archæology who has collected artifacts from the ancient villages, and naturally the distribution of the flint over the state would be attended with problems of interest as to the sources of the raw material. The raw material from any of the quarries in the state where flakable flint was obtained might be transported a long distance if made into convenient form. The distribution of flint from the great Flint Ridge quarries was doubtless on a large scale through barter or exchange, or by bands of aborigines coming to the quarries to secure the raw material for their own use. In this case the flint was made into blades or cores and carried away to be specialized, finished and used.

In a number of old village sites caches of flint blades, still retaining the crude edges and points just as they came from the roughing-out shops at the quarries, have been found. These caches are of great interest as they represent the storage places of surplus supplies to be drawn upon as required.

The exploration of mounds often reveals quantities of blades placed with the dead, perhaps the personal property of the deceased. The blades are not always found in caches as many occur in the village site, and frequently upon the surface, miles distant from a village site.

MANNER OF DISTRIBUTION.

Flint Ridge at an early date could only be reached by trails, and here the trails would end. The largest stream near enough for the use of boats was the Licking River, six miles north from the principal quarries. In Muskingum County the Licking River was only a few miles away, and the Muskingum River less than six miles distant and doubtless these streams were used to transport the blades and cores to eastern Ohio, north and south, and perhaps the Licking River furnished a route to the west as far as Newark and vicinity when the water was of sufficient volume to permit the use of small boats. Directly to the south, west and north the flint was carried long distances over trails in these directions. Practically all the objects made of flint found upon the surface in central Ohio came from Flint Ridge and practically all of the raw material was carried over the trails to the old villages and there specialized into arrow and spear-points, knives, scrapers, saws and drills.

RESUME.

A brief resume of quarrying the raw material from which such a large number of implements were manufactured will be of special interest and the following outstanding features, it is believed, will add materially to the fund of information concerning the quarrying of the flint at Flint Ridge.

The flint was quarried by the use of stone mauls and hammers (none of which were hafted) together with wedges made of wood or horn (although no wedges of any kind were found) and pries made of wood.

No evidence showing the use of fire in quarrying was found in the thirty-three quarry-sites examined and I firmly believe fire was not used as an agent in quarrying the flint, directly or indirectly, as some evidence would have been found in this great number of quarry-sites.

The flint was removed from the quarry sometimes only a short distance away, where it was blocked out and then taken to the workshops, usually in close proximity, where the blocked

out pieces were made into blades or cores, the two principal commodities manufactured at the quarries.

It is very fortunate for those who wish to verify or disprove the statements made in this study of Flint Ridge that the full range of quarrying is still well within the reach of all investigators and needs only to be properly examined to reveal the facts.

The most striking thing that presented itself was that a primitive people with such crude implements showed such skill and perseverance in quarrying the flint from its bed and then displayed such versatility in fashioning the raw material into blades and cores ready to transport by man-power to practically every portion of the state.

THE QUESTION OF OWNERSHIP OF THE FLINT RIDGE QUARRIES.

Were the quarry sites owned by individual cultures or were the quarries common property among the tribes? In the region of the blacksmith shop at the cross-roads, where the flint was quarried, and in the region of Boyer's in Muskingum County, there is nothing to indicate that the sites of these quarries were guarded by certain tribes or cultures. Had the quarries been defended against an attack, we surely would have some evidence of attack in the way of lost arrow-points and other stone articles of warfare; on the contrary, specimens of arrow and spear-points are but seldom found. Only one place upon the "Ridge" shows a more or less permanent abode, the site being on the western end of the ridge, one and a half miles west of the blacksmith shop. Here, on the farm of William Hazlett, is a mound surrounded by a wall made up of blocks of flint. This mound we examined to ascertain the culture responsible for its construction.

THE HAZLETT MOUND.

The Hazlett mound is located on the farm of William Hazlett, situated in the western edge of Hopewell Township, Licking County, and approximately one and one-half miles west of the blacksmith shop. Near the site of the mound the flint ledge outcrops in very large boulder-like pieces of flint. During the

early settlement of Ohio the people made use of large pieces in the manufacture of buhrs for grinding grain. Large quantities of small pieces of flint, the result of forming the buhr-stones, are scattered over the ground in great profusion as are also partly finished buhrs. Broken pieces of flint of large size are found scattered over this part of the ridge in great profusion and these pieces were used in the mound and also to aid in constructing a wall of stone surrounding the mound. The dimensions of the mound before work was begun were: north and south diameter, eighty-five feet; east and west diameter, ninety feet; height thirteen feet three inches, and the general shape that of a flattened cone. The mound was covered with a dense growth of underbrush which was removed and burned. A photograph of the mound is shown in Fig. 23. The depression shown in the top of the mound filled with limbs and underbrush is the excavation of a former explorer. The work of examining the mound was begun on the east side, as shown in the photograph, Fig. 23, where the workman's head appears

above the corn.

COMPOSITION OF THE MOUND.

The mound was made of earth gathered from the surrounding surface, and perfectly devoid of pieces of rock which would naturally occur upon the surface, except in a number of instances where small pockets of flint knives or scrapers or even select pieces of flint were placed. The soil was very loose and the examination was conducted with dispatch.

A HOUSE OF FLINT.

It was discovered after the work had progressed to the point of finding a long wall of flat blocks, and subsequently of four such walls, that the mound covered the remains of a flint house, the inside measurement of which was practically sixteen feet by sixteen feet eight inches, and the outside measurements thirty-seven feet by thirty-seven feet six inches.

The walls on the inside of the building were perpendicular and averaged six feet in height, gradually sloping to the ground on the outside and on the inside forming a right angle with a