was of very good quality and practically devoid of the small drusy crystals so common in this quarry. The color of the flint is a light gray with a shading of purple, red and yellow. The block of flint shown to the left in Fig. 7 is a light drab in color and the crystals shown on its top are quite large, some of the individual crystals found broken from the clusters measuring three-fourths of an inch in diameter. Very little chalcedony is found in the flint left in the quarry, the flint which doubtless was of especial value because of its quality and abundance. The manner of quarrying is here best shown of any of the quarries uncovered. Pit No. 14 was of great interest. It is situated in the east end of the Mary Loughman woods. The flint at this point is covered with a very light covering of earth. After the earth was removed from the flint it had the general appearance of a large flattened nodule ten feet in diameter. Primitive man had quarried off about one-third of the nodule, and found the center contained a very large crystal of heavy spar, light blue to yellow in color. We quarried out the crystal of heavy spar and found it to measure more than four feet in length, two feet wide and about fifteen inches in thickness. When first found the spar was perhaps a solid mass, but in time it became cracked, as shown in the cut, Fig. 8, with the exception of the center which was removed intact. Heavy spar, varying in color from lemon yellow to light blue is found in connection with workshops and apparently is associated with the flint in many of the quarries. Its use by primitive man is not apparent, as no artifacts made therefrom have been found in Ohio. Perhaps its extreme weight attracted the attention of the primitive quarry man. In all twenty-five different quarry sites were examined in the vicinity of the cross-roads and no evidence was obtained showing that fire had been used as an agent in quarrying the flint. The examination was extended to the eastern end of the "Ridge" in Muskingum County, where evidence of quarrying was found upon the farm of Mr. James Boyer. Mr. Boyer, like many of his neighbors, is a progressive farmer and all were FIG. 8. Large crystal of heavy spar ranging in color from light blue to yellow. The crystal is shown in the center of the picture. anxious to assist our survey in granting permission to examine quarry- sites on their respective farms, as well as by presenting specimens of flint found in the region. On Mr. Boyer's farm the quarrying is more extensive than anywhere in the vicinity. The flint is a light gray in general color, very often mottled with subdued gray and brown shading to dark brown. A quarry-site located in Mr. Boyer's orchard was selected and a space fourteen feet long and six feet wide was removed to the depth of six and one-half feet, where we found the original bed of flint. Of this, about one foot remained in the quarry, except at the south side, where the entire bed had been removed, apparently by the same method of quarrying as was employed at the cross-roads in Licking County. The general blocking out was done at the quarry or along the hillside less than fifty feet away. At no point on the spur of the hill where the orchard is located is there an outcrop of the flint. Apparently the flint has all been quarried out and worked over and the refuse left at the quarry-site, as indicated by the five hundred or more cubic feet of broken pieces removed in the examination of this quarry. Practically no earth was mixed with the flint after the surface had been removed, insects of various kinds being found. to the bottom of the quarry as well as the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicanda) which was found very frequently during our explorations. This small mole is truly insectivorous and had its habitat in the region where food was abundant. In the woods north of the orchard on Mr. Boyer's farm is an outcrop of flint, the remains of an ancient quarry. The debris was cleared from this quarry, disclosing that the flint had been removed to the bottom. The perpendicular wall shown as an outcrop was one side of a large crack in the flint, extending almost perpendicular through four feet of the top of the deposit, then deflecting under the ledge. The flint had all been removed to this break in the deposit, and the work of removing the soil on the top preparatory to further quarrying was under. way when the quarry was abandoned. In all, thirty-three quarry sites were examined by the survey, twenty-five in the region of the blacksmith shop located at the cross-roads, Licking County, and eight in the region of Mr. Boyer's farm in Muskingum County — and all showed the same use of the hammers and mauls in quarrying the flint. Perhaps the hammers were used in conjunction with wedges made of wood and bone and these latter in connection with large and small wood pries or levers. However, the use of wedges and pries is only conjecture, as no direct evidence in the thirty-three quarry-sites was found to substantiate this assumption. However, we feel the primitive quarryman would use the simplest tools that would accomplish the desired results and that these would be wedges of wood and bone and pries both large and small of wood. MANUFACTURE OF FLINT ARTIFACTS. The first step toward the manufacture of flint artifacts is securing the raw material by quarrying and the first step in shaping this raw material, whether by breaking, flaking or chipping, by percussion or pressure, was the "roughing out" of blades and cores into convenient sizes. In this handy form they were transported to practically all sections of Ohio, where caches have been found in old village sites and in mounds. As stated in the Introductory Note, perhaps the three well defined steps in the preparation of raw material noted would give rise to three separate industries carried on by the same individuals at different times or places or by different groups of experts trained in their respective industry. The first industry was that of quarrying which has been fully described in the foregoing pages. The second industry was the blocking out of selected pieces of flint into general form and testing of the raw material before it is taken to the workshop. Very good examples of blocked-out flint are shown in Fig. 9. The blocked-out specimens found so abundantly at the "Ridge" range in length from twelve inches to three inches and in width from five inches to two inches. They are frequently found near the quarry but the largest numbers are found in the workshops where the blades are finished. When found near the quarry they are usually broken, showing that the piece of flint was defective. The blocking-out was perfected by the |