of the university since 1871. A firm grasp of affairs, a progressive tendency which has known no backward step, have been coupled with a wise conservatism and consideration which have made friends of foes and in every particular dignified the university in the eyes of the country and endeared it to the hearts of the citizens of the State. One feels in attempting to recount the history of the past 20 years like simply drawing a comparison between the condition of things at the beginning and the end of that period; but such a course, while it would fitly present results, would omit the element of slow, continuous labor which after all has been the glory of the present administration. Briefly, therefore, the progress will be given with some regard for chronological sequence.,

The success of the diploma system and its good influence on scholarship in collegiate work have been suggested in the preceding chapter. A careful watch over the admission of students and a careful balancing of requirement and prepa ration have been necessary, and the needed care has been given.1

The admission of women to the privileges of the university was also spoken of in the preceding chapter, and the results of that innovation were given somewhat in detail. But it must be remembered that the good results have come largely as a direct consequence of the wise management of the present administration, which has removed diffi. culties and incumbrances by tactful appreciation of their presence.

Since the gift above mentioned was made by the legislature to the university, aid has been given generously. It is not necessary in this sketch to recount in detail every item of financial assistance thus received. Suffice it to give a general idea of the amounts and the manner of the gifts. Since 1867 the university has received from the State not far from $1,800,000. All of this has not been given by special acts of legisla tion. In 1873 the legislature repealed the act heretofore mentioned, whereby an annual sum of $15,000 was granted, and enacted that thereafter the university should receive one-twentieth of a mill on each dollar of taxable property in the State. Of course this sum has increased as the State has increased in wealth. For instance, in the year ending June 30, 1874, there was received on account of State aid, act of 1873, the sum of $23,250. For the year ending June 30, 1889, there was received

In the year 1888 the number of diploma schools was as follows:

1. For courses leading to all degrees-22, including 5 not in the State of Michigan. 2. For courses leading to A. B., B. S., and B. L.-2, both not in the State of Michigan.

3. For courses leading to Ph. B., B. S., and B. L.-14, including 3 in Chicago and 3 others not in the State of Michigan

4. For courses leading to A. B. and Ph. B.—1, not in the State of Michigan.

5. For courses leading to A. B. and B. L.-2, including 1 not in the State of Michigan.

6. For courses leading to Ph. B. and B. L.-2.

7. For courses leading to B. S. and B. L.—3.

the sum of $47,272.50. The legislature has been requested at various times so to alter this act that the receipts will be one-tenth instead of one-twentieth of a mill. But it has been urged in opposition to this that the regents ought annually to appear before the people's representatives, state their condition, and make known their wants. To this it may be answered that there is no likelihood that the gift of one-tenth of a mill will obviate the desired necessity of such appeals, and moreover, as a matter of economy and business interest, it is plain that the university would prosper better by having its income sure and subject to as few caprices and fluctuations as possible. The regents as well as the faculty have always heartily desired to keep in sympathetic contact with the people of the State. It is for the best interest of all and there is no fear that any aid in the establishment of a permanent fund will tempt the authorities to blind their eyes to the advantages of that for which they have been continuously and earnestly striving since the foundation of the university.

In 1873 the legislature granted $25,000 for the completion of University Hall and $13,000 to cover a deficit for that year. In 1875 the university was given, by special legislation, the sum of $59,000, designated for different purposes, hereafter discussed, and the same general course of legislation has continued to the present time, the legislature at each biennial session looking carefully into the needs of the university, at times visiting the institution in a body, the better to become acquainted with its capacities and its limitations, and giving without stint when it seemed necessary. A committee of each house is appointed at each regular session whose special business it is to take into consideration the needs of the university.

In 1875 the regents were authorized to establish a school of mines and a professorship of architecture; and in order to enable the board to put such an idea into execution the sum of $21,000 was voted for し the two college years 1875-'76,1876-77. Such a school was organized by the board. Special appropriation for its support was not made, however, in 1877, and after an uncertain existence for a year or two, during which time a few students were graduated, it had to be abandoned for want of funds to carry it on.

Various efforts on the part of the legislature, as well as of many people in the State, to induce the board to establish a professorship of homeopathy in the medical school have already been mentioned. The question was one of more or less vitality after 1855, the regents persisting in their refusal to attempt anything like a coalition of the different schools of medicine. Agitation succeeded agitation. The courts were appealed to. Writs of mandamus were demanded. There were petitions in great number. But the regents stood fast in opposition. Their constant answer was: "No professor of the old school can teach in a school where homeopathy is taught, without absolute professional ostracism." "No student who believes in the regular system, so

called, will attend such a school." The end of the matter was that in 1875 the legislature, which had been asked to make appropriations for other purposes, yielding to these requests, passed also a law authorizing the board to establish a homeopathic college, a branch or department of the university, for the support of which the treasurer of the State was ordered to pay out of the general fund the sum of $6,000 each year, beginning January 1, 1876.

In accordance with this act, steps were immediately taken for the founding of such a school, and it was opened for the reception of students October 1, 1875, 22 students entering upon their work at that time. The school at present is in a flourishing condition, with a faculty of 5 active professors, besides assistants, and having 73 students in attendance for the college year 1888-'89. A hospital building, erected in 1879, gives facilities for practical work and insight into actual practice.

A hospital for the use of the medical schools was erected in 1875, the citizens of Ann Arbor once more generously contributing for that purpose, in addition to the sums granted by the legislature. Each of the schools of medicine has now an amphitheater for clinical purposes Sin connection with its own hospital building. There are now in process of construction two new hospitals, built at an expense of not far from $90,000.

In 1875 money was granted the board for the purpose of founding a dental department, and students were received for the college year 1875-76, 20 students being then enrolled. The school has continuously developed in popularity ard in thorough and complete instruction. In the college year 1890-'91 there were in attendance 132 students. The school bas a reputation for giving thorough instruction, annually drawing a number of students from England, where its diploma is received as proof of thorough professional training.

In June, 1884, the terms of instruction were made nine months each. But to meet the requirements of the constantly increasing demands of dental science and to accommodate students who desire a thorough dental education, the course of instruction was extended to three full college years of nine months each, to take effect on and from October 1, 1889.

Another department of the university was established in 1876. The school of pharmacy was organized as a separate department. There has been a continuous demand for more room and greater facilities. Besides the students who are pursuing their professional work in the department, the laboratory is used by students of the literary department who are carrying on courses of individual and original research, and by the medical and dental students. Additions have been made at various times. A large addition has just been completed, making the laboratory one of the very largest in the country. In the year 1888-'89 there were 106 students in the department of pharmacy.